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Technical annex for the independent review into mental health conditions, ADHD and autism

Technical annex for the independent review into mental health conditions, ADHD and autism

Tables Annex

Table of Contents

Data and analyses 9

  • A: Trends in prevalence of conditions, symptoms, and behaviours 9
  • 1.A.1 Self-reported mental health condition ever in adults (16+): by age and sex (2014-2024) 9

1.A.2 Self-reported diagnosed mental health conditions: ever diagnosed, by age and sex (2014-

  • 2024) 13

1.A.3 Self-reported doctor-diagnosed mental health conditions: present past 12 months, by age

  • and sex (2014-2024) 16

1.A.4 Self-reported diagnosed and treated mental health condition: present in past 12 months, by

  • age and sex (2014-2024) 18

1.A.5 Common mental disorders (CMD) in 16-24 year olds (CIS-R), by age and sex (1993-2024)

  • 21
  • 1.A.6 CMD symptoms (CIS-R), by age and sex (1993-2024) 22

1.A.7 Specific mental health conditions assessed and screened, by age and sex (1993-2024) .. 26

  • B: Trends in CMD, ADHD, autistic traits by sub-groups 28
  • 1.B.1 Proportion of adults (mostly 16-64) with a Cmd (CIS-R) by social factors (1993-2024) 28
  • 1.B.2 CMD and ADHD by whether people have been in prison (APMS 2014 and 2024) 30

1.B.3 CMD and ADHD by whether people have been homeless (APMS 2007/2014 and 2024) .. 30 1.B.4 Proportion of adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+) by social factors (2007-

  • 2024) 31
  • 1.B.5 Proportion of adults (16+) with autistic traits (AQ8+) by social factors (2007-2024) 32
  • C: Trends in treatment, service contact, and recognition (Kings) 34
  • Results 34

1.C.1 Proportion of adults (aged 16-74) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment

  • and services (2000-2024) 34

1.C.2 Proportion of adults (aged 16-74) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment

  • (2000-2024) 35

1.C.3 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment and

  • services (2007-2024) 36

1.C.4. Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with ADHD (ASRS4+) in receipt of mental health treatment

  • and services (2007-2024) 37

1.C.5 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with ADHD traits (ASRS6) in receipt of mental health

  • treatment and services (2007-2024) 38

1.C.6 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+) in receipt of

  • mental health treatment and services (2007-2024) 39

1.C.8 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with each condition in receipt of mental health treatment

  • and services, by age group (2007-2024) 40

1.C.9 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) in receipt of mental health treatment and services, by

  • number of types of co-occurring conditions (2007-2024) 43

1.C.10 Proportion of adults (16+) reporting being on a waiting list for mental health treatment by

  • condition or number of types of condition (2024) 45

1.C.11 Proportion of men and women (16+) reporting being on a waiting list for mental health

  • treatment by condition (2024) 47

1.C.12 Treatment provider type among adults (16+) with CMD, ADHD traits, autistic traits in

  • receipt of psychology therapy (2024) 48

1.C.13 Regression analysis of factors association with use of mental health treatment receipt

  • among adults (aged 16+) (2007-2024) 49

1.C.14 Proportion of adults (16+) who experienced delays or waits for mental health treatment

  • over the past 12 months (2024) 50

1.C.15 Proportion of adults (16+) with a CMD reporting delays or waits for mental health

  • treatment over the past 12 months (2024) 51

1.C.16 Proportion of adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 4+) reporting delays or

  • waits for mental health treatment over the past 12 months (2024) 52

D. Trends in co-occurring conditions 53

1.D.1 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2007) 53 1.D.2 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2014) 54 1.D.3 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2024) 55 1.D.4 Among adults (16+) with a CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those

  • without CMD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 56

1.D.5. Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+), proportion with other

  • disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 57

1.D.6. Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6), proportion with other disorders

  • and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 58

1.D.7. Among adults (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+), proportion with other

  • disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) for other disorders (2007-2024) 60

1.D.8. Among adults (16+) without CMD or ADHD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) 61 1.D.9. Among adults (16+) ADHD and not CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative

  • to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) 62

1.D.10 Among adults (16+) CMD and not ADHD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative

  • to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) 63

1.D.11 Among adults (16+) with both CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders and Or

  • (relative to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) 64

1.D.12 Among men and women (16+) with a CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or

  • (relative to those without CMD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 65

1.D.13 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+), proportion with

  • other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 67

1.D.14 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6), proportion with

  • other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024) 69

1.D.15 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) for other disorders (2007-2024) 71 1.D.16 Among men and women (16+) without CMD or ADHD, proportion with other disorders

  • (2007-2024) 73

1.D.17 Among men and women (16+) with ADHD and no CMD, proportion with other disorders

  • (2007-2024) 75

1.D.18 Among men and women (16+) with CMD and no ADHD, proportion with other disorders

  • (2007-2024) 77

1.D.19 Among men and women (16+) with CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders

  • (2007-2024) 79

1.D.20 Among adults (16+) with CMD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders

  • and Or (relative to those without CMD) (2007-2024) 81

1.D.21 Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 4+) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+),

  • proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) (2007-2024) 84

1.D.22 Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 6) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+),

  • proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) (2007-2024) 87

1.D.23 Among adults (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ 8+) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) (2007-2024)

  • 90

1.D.24 Among adults (16+) without CMD or ADHD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with

  • other disorders (2007-2024) 93

1.D.25 Among adults (16+) with ADHD and no CMD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with

  • other disorders and Or (relative to those with no CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) 96

1.D.26 Among adults (16+) with CMD and no ADHD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with

  • other disorders and Or (relative to those with no CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) 99

1.D.27 Among adults (16-24, 25-64, 65+) with CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders

  • (2007-2024) 102

1.D.28 Among adults (16-64) proportion with co-occurring conditions (0, 1, 2, 3+) overall, by sex

  • and among those with CMD, ADHD (ASRS 4+), or autistic traits (AQ 8+) (2007-2024) 105
  • E. Trends in associated impairment, social functioning and verbal IQ 106
  • Results 106

1.E.5 Among adults (16+) with and without Cmd (CIS-R), the proportion reporting each

  • impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024) 113

1.E.1 Among adults (16+) with and without ADHD traits (ASRS 4+), the proportion reporting each

  • impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024) 107

1.E.2 Among adults (16+) with and without ADHD traits (ASRS 6), the proportion reporting each

  • impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024) 109

1.E.4 Among adults (16+) with and without autistic traits (AQ8+), the proportion reporting each

  • impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024) 111

1.E.6 Among adults aged 16-64 with 0, 1, 2 or 3+ types of conditions, the proportion reporting

  • each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024) 115

F. Trends in social context 118

1.F.1 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with

  • CMD (2007-2024) 118

1.F.2 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with

  • ADHD (2007-2024) 120

1.F.3 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion

  • screening positive for autistic traits (2007-2024) 122

1.F.4 Among adults (16-64) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with

  • 2 or more co-occurring types of condition (2007-2024) 124

G. Additional analyses on ADHD 126

  • Zoe Morgan, Samuel Tromans 126
  • G. Summary 126
  • Results 127
  • 1.G.1 ASRS: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing ASRS items (APMS 2007-2024) 127
  • 1.G.2 ASRS: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) ASRS domain scores (APMS 2007-2024) 128

1.G.3 ASRS: Among adults (aged 16+) endorsing 1+ ASRS item, age at onset (APMS 2014-

  • 2024) 128

1.G.4 ASRS: Among adults (aged 16+) screening positive for ASRS (4+), age at onset (APMS

  • 2014-2024) 129

1.G.5 Self-reported: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) self-reporting ADHD, diagnosis, (APMS

  • 2014-2024) 129

1.G.6 Self-reported: Among adults (16+) self-reporting ADHD, age of onset (APMS 2014-2024)

  • 129

H. Additional analyses on autism 130

  • Samuel Tromans, Zoe Morgan 130
  • Results 130
  • 1.H.1 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing AQ items (APMS 2007-2024) 130
  • 1.H.2 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) AQ17 domain scores (APMS 2007-2024) 132

1.H.5 Self-reported: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) self-reporting autism, diagnosis, (APMS

  • 2024) 132

1.H.6 Self-reported: Among adults (16+) self-reporting autism, self-reported age of onset (APMS

  • 2024) 133
  • 1.H.7 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing AQ items, by sex (APMS 2007-2024) 134
  • 1.H.8 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing AQ items, by age (APMS 2007-2024) 137
  • 1.H.9 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) AQ17 domain scores, by sex (APMS 2007-2024) 141

1.H.10 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) AQ17 domain scores, by age (APMS 2007-2024) 142

  • I. Measurement invariance: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6) 143
  • Data and analysis 143
  • Results 144
  • 1.I.1 Measurement invariance across years 144
  • 1.I.2 Standardised factor loadings for two-factor and three-factor model solutions 145

1.I.3 Latent factor means for ADHD symptom domains across survey years (2007, 2014, 2024)

  • under strict measurement invariance 146
  • 1.I.4 Measurement invariance by sex 147
  • 1.I.5 Standardised factor loadings for two-factor model solution, by sex 148
  • 1.I.6 Standardised factor loadings for three-factor model solution, by sex 149
  • 1.I.7 Measurement invariance by age groups 150
  • 1.I.8 Standardised factor loadings for two-factor model solution, by age group 152
  • 1.I.9 Standardised factor loadings for three-factor model solution, by age group 153
  • References 153

J. Latent class analysis 155

  • J. Summary 155
  • 1.J.1 Mental-health indicators entered into the LCA 156
  • 1.J.2 Class size and overall severity 157
  • 1.J.3 Socio-demographic profile of the mental health classes 158
  • 1.J.4 Socioeconomic profile of the mental health classes 159
  • 1.J.5 General health, wellbeing and personality disorder of the mental health classes 160

1.J.7 Self-harm, suicide attempts, treatment and service use profile of the mental health classes

Data and analysis 163

Results 164

  • Trends in prevalence of mental disorders (DAWBA) 164
  • 2.1 Prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorder by age of child 1999-2017: weighted estimates 164

2.2 Prevalence of DSM-IV/5 mental disorders by age of child 1999-2017: weighted estimates:

  • weighted estimates 167
  • Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ) by mental disorders (DAWBA) 170

2.3 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among all children 5-15: weighted

  • estimates 170

2.4 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 without an ICD-

  • 10 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates 171

2.5 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 with an ICD-10

  • diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates 172

2.6 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 without a DSM-

  • IV/5 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates 173

2.7 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 with a DSM-IV/5

  • diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates 174

Educational disruption indicators among by mental disorder in children (5 to 15 years) 175 2.8 Educational disruption indicators by mental disorder status in children and young people

  • MHCYP 2017 175

2.9 Adjusted associations between mental disorders and educational disruption indicators

  • children and young people MHCYP 2017, without additional adjustment for comorbidity 176

2.10 Adjusted associations between mental disorders and educational disruption indicators by mental disorder status in children and young people MHCYP 2017, with additional adjustment for

  • comorbidity 177

Latent class analysis of clustering in mental health needs and associated social factors

  • and impairments 178
  • 2.11 Mental health indicators entered into the LCA 178
  • 2.12 Sociodemographic, family and general-health profile by mental health class 179
  • 2.13 Trauma exposure and ongoing impact by mental health class 181
  • 2.14 Substance use by mental health class 182
  • 2.15 School, activities and social media by mental health class 183
  • 2.16 Informal and professional help-seeking 184
  • Appendix 3: General Practice Patient Survey (GPPS) 185

Summary 185

Data and analysis 185

Results 186

3.1 Proportion of adults self-reporting autism, learning disability and a mental health condition

  • overall and by ethnic group (GPPS 2018-2025) 186

3.2 Proportion of adults self-reporting autism, learning disability and a mental health condition by

  • gender (GPPS 2018-2025) 189

Appendix 4: The OxWell Student Survey 192

Summary 192

Results 192

4.1 Self-Identified Mental Health Difficulties: 2021 'Yes' responses by gender and year group . 192 4.2 Self-Identified Mental Health Difficulties: 2023 'Yes' responses by gender and year group . 193

  • 4.3 Self-Identified Neurodivergence: 2023 'Yes' responses by gender and year group 196
  • 4.4 Self-Identified Neurodivergence: 2025 ‘Yes' responses by gender 197

References 198

Appendix 5: Preventable Death Reports (PDR) 199

Summary 199

Data and analysis 199

Results 199

  • 5.1 Number of PDRs to mention autism, ADHD and neurodiversity (PDR 2016 to 2025) 199

5.2 Five most common types of concern raised in PDFs that mention autism, ADHD and

  • neurodiversity (PDR 2016 to 2025) 200

5.3 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning autism differ from PDRs in general (PDR

  • 2016 to 2025) 201

5.4 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning ADHD differ from PDRs in general (PDR

  • 2016 to 2025) 202

5.5 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning eating disorder differ from PDRs in

  • general (PDR 2016 to 2025) 203

5.6 Sector addressed: Ways in which PDRs mentioning autism differ from PDRs in general (PDR

  • 2016 to 2025) 204

5.7 Sector addressed: Ways in which PDRs mentioning ADHD differ from PDRs in general (PDR

  • 2016 to 2025) 204

5.8 Sector addressed: Ways in which PDRs mentioning eating disorder differ from PDRs in

Summary 206

Data and analysis 206

Results 206

Appendix 7: His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) prison inspection

  • data 209

Summary 209

Data and analysis 209

Results 210

7.1 Prisoner reports that they had a mental health problem on arrival in prison (HMIP 2003 to

Summary 212

Data and analysis: 212

Results 212

Summary 213

Data and analysis 214

9.1 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score by sweep in NCDS58, overall and restricted to

  • participants who self-reported healthcare contact for mental health. 217

9.2 Self-reported reason for healthcare contact for mental health since last interview by sweep in

  • NCDS58 217

Results: BCS70 at ages 30 (2000), 42 (2012), 46-48 (2016-18) and 51-54 (2021-24) . 219

9.3 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score by sweep in BCS70, overall and restricted to

  • participants who self-reported healthcare contact for mental health. 220

9.4 Self-reported reason for healthcare contact for mental health since last interview by sweep in

  • BCS70. 220

Results: Cohort comparison of NCDS58 at age 50 (2008) and BCS70 at age 51-54

  • (2021-24) 221

9.5 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score in each cohort overall and restricted to participants who

  • self-reported healthcare contacts for mental health. 222

References 223

Section 9 Appendix Tables 224

Appendix 10: Labour Force Survey 226

Data and analysis 226

Results 226

10.1 Proportion of 16-24 year olds who are NEET (not in education, employment or training), by

Background 228

Data and analysis 228

Results 230

  • 11.1 Prevalence and estimated cases based on population projections for the year 2030 230

Appendix 1: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 1993-2024

Yuting Wu, Sarah Morris, Samuel Tromans, Zoe Morgan, Ladan Hashemi, Anastasia Fadeeva, Sharon Neufield, Matilda North, Natasha Chilman, Jayati Das-Munshi, Anne Conolly, Matthias Pierce, Alex Martin, Praveetha Patalay, Sally McManus Data and analyses APMS is a series of surveys of the general population funded by the Department for Health and Social care and commissioned by NHS England. It has used consistent and diverse measures of mental health over time, including diagnostic measures, brief screening tools, and (more recently) self-perceived presence of conditions. Tables presenting the results of additional analyses undertaken specifically for this review and not published elsewhere are provided in this annex. APMS 1993 and 2000 covered Britain, analyses presented here select England only. While 2007, 2014 and 2024 covered all aged 16 and over, 1993 covered 16–64-year-olds and 2000 16-74-year-olds. Trend analyses focus on a comparable age group; the age selected is stated in the title of the table. Weighted descriptive analyses are presented, with 95% confidence intervals and unweighted bases (unless stated otherwise). For methodological detail about the survey, see: Morris, S., Hill, S., Brugha, T., McManus, S. (Eds.). (2025). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England, 2023/4. NHS England. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24367.39840. Many analyses in this Annex are being prepared for submission to peer-review journals, and figures provided may change in future revised publications. Queries about these analyses can be addressed to: sally.mcmanus@citystgeorges.ac.uk A: Trends in prevalence of conditions, symptoms, and behaviours 1.A.1 Self-reported mental health condition ever in adults (16+): by age and sex (2014-2024)

ConditionDemographic s2012014 95% CI20142024 %2024 95% CI2024
4unweightedunweighted
%basebase
Alcohol dependence[1] (not comparable
trend)
Age16-241.70.9,3.25601.90.8,4.4315
25-643.73.1,4.447324.94.1,5.74200
65+1.10.7,1.622501.61.2,2.12379
SexMen4.33.5,5.130575.24.3,6.42938
Women1.51.2,1.944852.31.8,2.93961
All2.82.4,3.375423.73.2,4.36906
ADHD or ADD
Age16-240.90.4,2.15609.46.5,13.4315
25-640.90.6,1.347326.85.9,7.84200
65+0.10.0,0.422501.00.5,1.92379
SexMen1.00.7,1.530576.35.2,7.72938
Women0.50.3,0.844855.34.4,6.43961
All0.70.5,1.075425.85.0,6.76906
Autism spectrum disorder
Age16-248.15.3,12.2315
25-643.62.9,4.34200
65+0.30.1,0.72379
SexMen4.23.3,5.42938
Women2.62.0,3.53961
All3.42.8,4.16906
Bipolar disorder
Age16-240.60.2,1.35602.11.0,4.3315
25-641.41.1,1.847321.61.2,2.14200
65+0.30.1,0.522500.40.2,1.12379
SexMen1.00.7,1.530571.81.2,2.52938
Women1.10.8,1.444851.00.7,1.53961
All1.00.8,1.375421.41.1,1.86906
Body dysmorphic disorder
Age16-245.43.3,8.7315
25-641.91.4,2.54200
65+0.20.1,0.52379
SexMen1.40.9,2.22938
Women2.41.8,3.33961
All1.91.5,2.56906
Dementia
Age16-24--560--315
25-640.10.1,0.447320.20.1,0.44200
65+1.20.8,1.822501.71.2,2.42379
SexMen0.50.3,0.830570.30.2,0.52938
Women0.20.1,0.444850.80.5,1.13961
All0.40.2,0.575420.50.4,0.76906
Depression
Age16-2418.515.6,21.756022.817.6,28.9315
25-6432.030.5,33.6473235.633.8,37.44200
65+21.619.8,23.6225023.221.3,25.22379
SexMen24.723.0,26.5305727.125.1,29.32938
Women30.929.4,32.4448534.832.9,36.83961
All27.826.6,29.1754231.129.6,32.66906
Drug dependence1 (not comparable trend)
Age16-241.70.9,3.25601.60.6,4.3315
25-643.73.1,4.447323.02.4,3.74200
65+1.10.7,1.622500.60.3,1.02379
SexMen4.33.5,5.130573.32.5,4.32938
Women1.51.2,1.944851.30.9,1.73961
All2.82.4,3.375422.21.8,2.86906
Eating disorder
Age16-244.53.0,6.65609.66.4,14.1315
25-643.12.7,3.747325.54.7,6.34200
65+1.10.7,1.722501.41.0,2.12379
SexMen1.31.0,1.830572.72.0,3.72938
Women4.33.6,5.144857.36.2,8.63961
All2.92.5,3.375425.14.4,5.96906
Gambling problems
Age16-24--315
25-641.41.0,1.94200
65+0.60.4,1.12379
SexMen1.91.4,2.62938
Women0.20.1,0.43961
All1.00.8,1.36906
Gender dysphoria
Age16-243.01.5,5.9315
25-640.50.3,0.94200
65+0.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.90.5,1.62938
Women0.60.3,1.23961
All0.70.5,1.16906
‘Nervous breakdown’
Age16-244.02.6,6.25605.33.1,8.9315
25-644.13.6,4.847326.35.5,7.24200
65+3.83.1,4.822503.62.9,4.52379
SexMen3.63.0,4.430574.83.9,5.92938
Women4.53.8,5.244856.35.4,7.33961
All4.03.6,4.675425.64.9,6.36906
Obsessive compulsive
disorder
Age16-246.14.3,8.65604.12.1,7.8315
25-644.03.5,4.747325.54.7,6.44200
65+1.20.8,1.822501.20.8,1.82379
SexMen3.93.2,4.830574.33.3,5.42938
Women3.52.9,4.244854.43.6,5.33961
All3.73.2,4.375424.33.7,5.06906
Panic attacks
Age16-2415.512.8,18.656026.020.8,31.9315
25-6419.818.6,21.0473219.718.2,21.24200
65+14.112.7,15.8225010.89.5,12.22379
SexMen12.110.9,13.4305712.310.7,14.12938
Women23.522.2,24.9448524.322.5,26.13961
All17.917.0,18.9754218.517.2,19.86906
Personality disorder
Age16-240.50.2,1.35601.10.5,2.8315
25-640.90.7,1.247321.71.2,2.34200
65+0.20.1,0.522500.10.0,0.32379
SexMen0.90.6,1.330571.20.7,1.92938
Women0.50.4,0.844851.30.9,1.83961
All0.70.5,0.975421.20.9,1.76906
Phobia
Age16-2410.78.3,13.75604.22.2,7.8315
25-648.98.0,9.947323.83.1,4.64200
65+5.34.4,6.422502.51.8,3.42379
SexMen6.65.7,7.730572.41.8,3.22938
Women10.19.1,11.244854.63.7,5.73961
All8.47.7,9.275423.63.0,4.26906
Post-natal depression
Age16-242.31.4,3.85601.30.6,2.7315
25-646.65.9,7.347326.65.8,7.54200
65+2.72.1,3.622504.33.2,5.62379
SexMen0.10.0,0.330570.20.1,0.42938
Women10.09.1,11.1448510.39.2,11.53961
All5.24.7,5.775425.44.8,6.06906
Post-traumatic stress
disorder
Age16-241.71.0,2.95605.22.9,8.9315
25-644.13.5,4.847325.95.1,6.84200
65+1.81.3,2.522502.01.4,3.02379
SexMen3.02.4,3.830573.93.0,5.02938
Women3.53.0,4.244855.95.0,6.93961
All3.32.9,3.775424.94.3,5.76906
Psychosis or schizophrenia
Age16-240.30.1,1.05601.10.4,3.2315
25-640.80.6,1.247321.31.0,1.74200
65+0.20.1,0.522500.10.0,0.32379
SexMen0.90.6,1.430571.30.9,2.02938
Women0.40.2,0.644850.70.5,1.13961
All0.60.4,0.975421.00.7,1.36906
Seasonal affective disorder
Age16-241.81.0,3.35604.62.5,8.2315
25-644.13.6,4.847326.35.5,7.24200
65+3.32.6,4.222504.93.9,6.12379
SexMen2.82.3,3.530574.63.7,5.62938
Women4.43.8,5.044856.85.9,7.93961
All3.63.2,4.175425.75.1,6.56906
Any other anxiety disorder
Age16-244.32.8,6.656012.68.9,17.6315
25-647.76.8,8.6473214.613.2,16.04200
65+2.92.2,3.722503.62.9,4.52379
SexMen5.54.7,6.530578.77.3,10.32938
Women6.86.0,7.6448514.713.2,16.43961
All6.25.5,6.8754211.810.7,13.06906
Any other mental condition
Age16-240.30.1,1.25601.60.6,4.3315
25-640.50.3,0.747324.33.6,5.24200
65+--22501.51.1,2.12379
SexMen0.40.2,0.730573.22.5,4.22938
Women0.30.2,0.544853.42.7,4.33961
All0.40.2,0.575423.32.8,3.96906

[1] APMS 2014 asked about alcohol dependence and drug dependence together, while APMS 2024 asked about these separately.

1.A.2 Self-reported diagnosed mental health conditions: ever diagnosed, by age and sex (2014-2024)

ConditionDemographics2014 %2014 95% CI20142024 %2024 95% CI2024
unweightedunweighted
basebase
Alcohol dependence[1] (not comparable
trend)
Age16-240.70.3,1.6560--315
25-642.21.7,2.747321.71.3,2.24200
65+0.60.4,1.122500.60.4,1.02379
SexMen2.31.8,2.930571.61.2,2.22938
Women1.00.7,1.344850.90.6,1.23961
All1.61.3,1.975421.21.0,1.56906
ADHD or ADD
Age16-240.90.4,2.15603.01.4,6.3314
25-640.30.2,0.647312.21.7,2.84198
65+0.10.0,0.422500.20.1,0.52379
SexMen0.50.3,0.930572.01.3,3.02937
Women0.20.1,0.544841.61.2,2.23959
All0.40.2,0.675411.81.4,2.46903
Autism spectrum disorder
Age16-243.01.4,6.3315
25-641.20.8,1.74199
65+0.00.0,0.12379
SexMen1.40.9,2.32937
Women0.90.6,1.53961
All1.20.8,1.66905
Bipolar disorder
Age16-240.40.1,1.15600.40.1,1.9315
25-641.00.7,1.347321.00.7,1.44200
65+0.20.1,0.522500.20.1,0.52379
SexMen0.60.4,1.030571.00.7,1.62938
Women0.80.6,1.144850.40.3,0.73961
All0.70.5,0.975420.70.5,1.06906
Body dysmorphic disorder
Age16-241.20.4,3.3315
25-640.60.4,1.04200
65+0.00.0,0.22379
SexMen0.30.1,0.72938
Women0.80.5,1.33961
All0.50.3,0.96906
Dementia
Age16-24--560--315
25-640.00.0,0.147310.00.0,0.14200
65+0.90.5,1.422501.10.7,1.82379
SexMen0.30.1,0.530570.10.1,0.32938
Women0.10.1,0.344840.40.3,0.73961
All0.20.1,0.375410.30.2,0.46906
Depression
Age16-2412.19.9,14.855914.510.6,19.5315
25-6424.823.5,26.3473027.525.8,29.34195
65+14.713.3,16.3224616.414.8,18.12377
SexMen16.615.2,18.2305518.016.2,19.92935
Women24.923.5,26.3448028.226.4,30.23957
All20.919.8,21.9753523.321.9,24.76899
Drug dependence1 (not comparable trend)
Age16-240.70.3,1.65600.10.0,0.5315
25-642.21.7,2.747321.00.6,1.54200
65+0.60.4,1.122500.30.1,0.62379
SexMen2.31.8,2.930570.90.5,1.52938
Women1.00.7,1.344850.50.3,0.83961
All1.61.3,1.975420.70.5,1.06906
Eating disorder
(SCOFF2+impact)
Age16-242.31.4,3.85604.02.4,6.8315
25-641.61.3,2.047302.01.6,2.54199
65+0.50.3,0.922490.40.2,0.82379
SexMen0.60.4,1.030550.60.3,1.12938
Women2.31.8,2.844843.12.5,3.93960
All1.51.2,1.875391.91.5,2.36905
Gambling problems
Age16-24--315
25-640.20.1,0.54200
65+0.00.0,0.22379
SexMen0.20.1,0.62938
Women0.00.0,0.03961
All0.10.1,0.36906
Gender dysphoria
Age16-240.20.0,1.6315
25-640.20.1,0.34200
65+0.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.20.1,0.42938
Women0.10.1,0.33961
All0.10.1,0.36906
Nervous breakdown
Age16-241.10.5,2.45602.00.9,4.6315
25-643.02.5,3.547283.73.0,4.44198
65+3.02.4,3.922492.92.2,3.72378
SexMen2.41.9,3.130542.92.2,3.82936
Women3.02.5,3.644833.63.0,4.43960
All2.72.4,3.175373.32.8,3.86903
Obsessive compulsive
disorder
Age16-241.91.1,3.25600.80.2,2.5315
25-641.20.9,1.547321.81.4,2.34199
65+0.20.1,0.522500.30.1,0.62379
SexMen0.80.5,1.330570.80.5,1.42937
Women1.31.0,1.744851.71.3,2.43961
All1.10.8,1.475421.31.0,1.76905
Panic attacks
Age16-248.26.3,10.656016.312.0,21.7315
25-6411.911.0,12.9472711.510.4,12.74199
65+7.66.5,8.922495.44.5,6.42379
SexMen6.35.4,7.430566.14.9,7.52938
Women14.413.3,15.5448015.013.5,16.73960
All10.49.7,11.2753610.79.7,11.86905
Personality disorder
Age16-240.40.2,1.35600.80.3,2.3315
25-640.70.5,1.047301.20.8,1.74199
65+0.10.0,0.422500.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.60.4,1.030550.90.5,1.62938
Women0.40.3,0.744850.90.6,1.33960
All0.50.4,0.775400.90.6,1.36905
Phobia
Age16-240.90.4,2.15601.40.4,5.7315
25-641.31.0,1.747321.10.8,1.54199
65+0.80.5,1.422480.70.4,1.22378
SexMen0.80.6,1.230560.70.3,1.42938
Women1.41.1,1.844841.30.9,1.93959
All1.10.9,1.475401.00.7,1.56904
Post-natal depression
Age16-241.71.0,2.95601.30.6,2.7315
25-644.84.3,5.547314.43.8,5.14197
65+1.71.2,2.322502.31.7,3.12379
SexMen--30570.20.1,0.42938
Women7.26.5,8.144846.75.8,7.63958
All3.73.3,4.275413.53.1,4.06903
Post-traumatic stress
disorder
Age16-240.90.4,2.35602.41.2,4.9315
25-642.52.1,3.047314.03.3,4.84197
65+0.60.4,1.122501.30.8,2.12378
SexMen1.71.2,2.330572.11.5,2.92936
Women2.11.7,2.644844.03.3,4.93959
All1.91.6,2.275413.12.6,3.76902
Psychosis or
schizophrenia
Age16-240.10.0,0.95600.60.2,1.5315
25-640.70.5,1.147301.10.8,1.54199
65+0.20.1,0.522500.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.70.5,1.230551.00.7,1.52938
Women0.30.2,0.644850.60.4,0.93960
All0.50.4,0.875400.80.6,1.16905
Seasonal affective disorder
Age16-240.30.1,1.05601.90.7,4.9315
25-640.60.5,0.947311.20.9,1.74200
65+0.60.3,1.022500.60.3,1.52379
SexMen0.30.2,0.630570.60.4,1.02938
Women0.80.6,1.144841.71.2,2.53961
All0.60.4,0.875411.20.9,1.66906
Any other anxiety disorder
Age16-241.20.4,3.9315
25-642.52.0,3.24199
65+1.10.7,1.72379
SexMen1.91.3,2.72938
Women2.11.7,2.83960
All2.01.6,2.56905

[1] APMS 2014 asked about alcohol dependence and drug dependence together, while APMS 2024 asked about these separately.

1.A.3 Self-reported doctor-diagnosed mental health conditions: present past 12 months, by age and sex (2014-2024)

ConditionDemographic2014201420242024
s%95% CI%95% CI
Alcohol dependence (not comparable trend)
Age16-240.30.1,1.1--
25-641.00.7,1.30.60.4,0.9
65+0.20.1,0.50.30.1,0.5
SexMen1.00.7,1.50.70.4,1.1
Women0.40.3,0.60.20.1,0.3
All0.70.5,0.90.40.3,0.7
ADHD or ADD
Age16-240.50.1,1.52.71.2,6.0
25-640.20.1,0.51.81.4,2.3
65+0.10.0,0.40.10.0,0.4
SexMen0.30.2,0.71.71.1,2.6
Women0.10.0,0.41.41.0,1.9
All0.20.1,0.41.51.2,2.0
Autism spectrum disorder
Age16-243.01.4,6.3
25-641.10.8,1.6
65+0.00.0,0.1
SexMen1.40.9,2.2
Women0.90.5,1.4
All1.10.8,1.6
Bipolar disorder
Age16-240.40.1,1.10.30.0,2.1
25-640.70.5,1.00.70.5,1.2
65+0.10.0,0.30.10.0,0.2
SexMen0.50.3,0.80.70.4,1.3
Women0.60.4,0.90.40.2,0.6
All0.60.4,0.80.50.4,0.8
Body dysmorphic disorder
Age16-240.50.1,2.2
25-640.30.2,0.5
65+0.00.0,0.2
SexMen0.20.1,0.5
Women0.30.2,0.6
All0.30.1,0.5
Dementia
Age16-24----
25-640.00.0,0.10.00.0,0.1
65+0.90.5,1.41.10.7,1.8
SexMen0.30.1,0.50.10.1,0.3
Women0.10.1,0.30.40.3,0.7
All0.20.1,0.30.30.2,0.4
Depression
Age16-248.46.4,10.810.67.4,15.0
25-6413.212.2,14.415.914.6,17.3
65+5.54.6,6.66.85.7,8.1
SexMen8.67.6,9.810.49.0,12.0
Women13.012.0,14.215.614.2,17.2
All10.910.1,11.713.112.1,14.2
Drug dependence (not comparable trend)
Age16-240.30.1,1.1--
25-641.00.7,1.30.50.3,1.0
65+0.20.1,0.50.20.1,0.5
SexMen1.00.7,1.50.50.2,1.2
Women0.40.3,0.60.20.1,0.5
All0.70.5,0.90.40.2,0.7
Eating disorder
Age16-240.80.3,1.92.41.1,4.9
25-640.40.3,0.60.70.5,1.0
65+0.30.2,0.60.20.1,0.4
SexMen0.30.2,0.50.30.1,0.8
Women0.60.4,1.01.20.8,1.8
All0.50.3,0.60.80.6,1.1
Gambling problems
Age16-24--
25-640.00.0,0.1
65+--
SexMen0.00.0,0.2
Women--
All0.00.0,0.1
Gender dysphoria
Age16-240.20.0,1.6
25-640.10.0,0.2
65+0.10.0,0.2
SexMen0.10.0,0.4
Women0.10.0,0.2
All0.10.1,0.2
Nervous breakdown
Age16-240.20.1,0.81.20.4,3.9
25-640.40.3,0.70.60.4,0.9
65+0.20.1,0.50.10.0,0.3
SexMen0.50.3,0.90.40.2,0.7
Women0.20.1,0.40.80.4,1.3
All0.40.2,0.60.60.4,0.9
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Age16-241.60.9,2.90.80.2,2.5
25-641.00.7,1.31.20.9,1.7
65+0.20.1,0.50.20.1,0.4
SexMen0.80.5,1.20.60.3,1.1
Women1.00.7,1.41.20.8,1.8
All0.90.7,1.20.90.7,1.3
Panic attacks
Age16-244.93.4,7.012.58.8,17.5
25-645.14.5,5.75.85.0,6.7
65+2.01.4,2.81.71.2,2.3
SexMen2.52.0,3.22.72.0,3.6
Women6.25.5,7.08.57.3,10.0
All4.43.9,4.95.74.9,6.6
Personality disorder
Age16-240.30.1,1.10.80.3,2.3
25-640.50.3,0.81.10.7,1.6
65+0.10.0,0.40.00.0,0.2
SexMen0.50.3,0.80.80.4,1.6
Women0.30.2,0.60.80.5,1.2
All0.40.3,0.60.80.5,1.2
Phobia
Age16-241.40.4,5.7
25-640.80.5,1.2
65+0.40.2,0.8
SexMen0.60.2,1.3
Women0.90.6,1.5
All0.80.5,1.2
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Age16-240.50.1,2.01.70.7,4.1
25-641.00.7,1.32.72.2,3.4
65+0.20.1,0.50.50.2,1.4
SexMen0.70.5,1.21.51.0,2.3
Women0.70.5,1.02.52.0,3.2
All0.70.5,1.02.11.7,2.6
Seasonal affective disorder
Age16-240.10.0,0.41.40.5,4.2
25-640.50.3,0.71.00.7,1.5
65+0.20.1,0.50.60.2,1.4
SexMen0.20.1,0.40.50.3,0.9
Women0.50.3,0.71.40.9,2.1
All0.40.3,0.51.00.7,1.4
Any other mental condition
Age16-246.54.1,10.2
25-647.76.7,8.8
65+1.91.4,2.5
SexMen3.93.0,4.9
Women8.37.2,9.7
All6.25.4,7.1

1.A.4 Self-reported diagnosed and treated mental health condition: present in past 12 months, by age and sex (2014-2024) Condition Demographics 2014 %

ConditionDemographics2014 %2014 95% CI20142024 %2024 95% CI2024
unweightedunweighted
basebase
Alcohol dependence (not comparable trend)
Age16-240.30.1,1.1560--315
25-640.90.6,1.347320.80.5,1.14200
65+0.10.0,0.422500.10.0,0.42379
SexMen1.00.6,1.530570.80.5,1.32938
Women0.30.2,0.644850.20.1,0.43961
All0.60.4,0.975420.50.4,0.86906
ADHD or ADD
Age16-240.10.0,0.95601.80.6,5.4314
25-640.10.0,0.347310.90.6,1.34198
65+--22500.10.0,0.42379
SexMen0.10.0,0.230570.90.4,1.82937
Women0.10.0,0.544840.80.5,1.23959
All0.10.0,0.275410.80.5,1.36903
Autism spectrum disorder
Age16-240.20.0,1.5315
25-640.20.1,0.44199
65+0.00.0,0.12379
SexMen0.10.0,0.52937
Women0.20.1,0.43961
All0.10.1,0.36905
Bipolar disorder
Age16-240.40.1,1.1560--315
25-640.80.6,1.147320.70.5,1.14200
65+0.10.0,0.322500.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.50.3,0.830570.70.4,1.22938
Women0.70.5,1.044850.30.2,0.53961
All0.60.4,0.875420.50.3,0.76906
Body dysmorphic disorder
Age16-240.30.0,1.9315
25-640.20.1,0.54200
65+0.00.0,0.22379
SexMen0.10.0,0.52938
Women0.20.1,0.53961
AllAll0.20.1,0.46906
Dementia
Age16-24--560--315
25-640.00.0,0.147310.00.0,0.14200
65+0.60.3,1.122500.70.5,1.12378
SexMen0.20.1,0.330570.10.0,0.22938
Women0.10.0,0.344840.30.2,0.43960
All0.10.1,0.275410.20.1,0.36905
Depression
Age16-246.85.1,9.155910.97.6,15.5315
25-6411.210.3,12.3473013.812.6,15.14195
65+5.24.3,6.322466.05.0,7.22377
SexMen6.75.8,7.730558.77.5,10.12935
Women11.810.8,12.9448014.312.9,15.93957
All9.38.6,10.1753511.610.6,12.76899
Drug dependence (not
comparable trend)
Age16-240.30.1,1.1560--315
25-640.90.6,1.347320.40.2,0.64200
65+0.10.0,0.422500.10.0,0.22379
SexMen1.00.6,1.530570.40.2,0.72938
Women0.30.2,0.644850.10.0,0.23961
All0.60.4,0.975420.20.1,0.46906
Eating disorder
Age16-240.40.1,1.55600.70.2,3.1315
25-640.30.2,0.447300.40.2,0.74199
65+0.20.1,0.522490.10.0,0.32379
SexMen0.20.1,0.430550.10.0,0.52938
Women0.30.2,0.644840.60.3,1.03960
All0.30.2,0.475390.40.2,0.66905
Gambling problems
Age16-24--315
25-640.00.0,0.24200
65+--2379
SexMen0.00.0,0.32938
Women--3961
All0.00.0,0.26906
Gender dysphoria
Age16-24--315
25-640.10.0,0.14200
65+0.10.0,0.22379
SexMen0.00.0,0.12938
Women0.10.0,0.23961
All0.00.0,0.16906
‘Nervous breakdown’
Age16-240.30.1,1.15601.60.6,4.2315
25-640.70.5,1.047281.51.1,2.24198
65+0.50.2,0.922490.50.3,0.92378
SexMen0.60.4,1.030541.20.7,2.02936
Women0.60.4,0.844831.41.0,2.13960
All0.60.4,0.875371.31.0,1.86903
Obsessive compulsive
disorder
Age16-241.91.1,3.25600.30.0,2.0315
25-641.20.9,1.547320.50.3,0.84199
65+0.20.1,0.522500.00.0,0.22379
SexMen0.80.5,1.330570.10.0,0.32937
Women1.31.0,1.744850.60.3,1.13961
All1.10.8,1.475420.40.2,0.66905
Panic attacks
Age16-241.60.9,2.95609.86.4,14.8315
25-643.93.4,4.547274.63.8,5.54199
65+1.81.3,2.622491.30.9,1.82379
SexMen2.11.6,2.730562.61.8,3.72938
Women4.23.6,4.844806.35.2,7.63960
All3.12.8,3.675364.53.8,5.46905
Personality disorder
Age16-24--5600.60.2,2.1315
25-640.40.2,0.647290.90.6,1.54198
65+--2250--2379
SexMen0.30.1,0.530550.80.4,1.52938
Women0.20.1,0.544840.60.3,1.03959
All0.30.2,0.475390.70.4,1.16904
Phobia
Age16-240.20.0,1.15601.40.4,5.7315
25-640.30.2,0.647320.50.3,0.84199
65+0.30.1,0.622480.10.0,0.42378
SexMen0.30.2,0.630560.30.1,1.32938
Women0.30.2,0.544840.60.3,1.23959
All0.30.2,0.575400.50.3,0.96904
Post-natal depression
Age16-240.30.1,0.95600.50.2,1.3315
25-640.30.2,0.547310.90.6,1.24197
65+--22500.00.0,0.22379
SexMen--30570.10.0,0.32938
Women0.50.3,0.744841.10.8,1.63958
All0.30.2,0.475410.60.5,0.86903
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Age16-240.30.0,2.25601.20.4,3.9315
25-640.80.6,1.247312.11.6,2.84197
65+0.20.1,0.522500.50.2,1.42378
SexMen0.70.4,1.130571.10.6,1.82936
Women0.60.4,0.944842.11.6,2.83959
All0.60.5,0.975411.61.3,2.16902
Psychosis or schizophrenia
Age16-240.10.0,0.95600.40.1,1.4315
25-640.60.4,0.947300.80.5,1.24199
65+0.20.1,0.522500.00.0,0.22379
SexMen0.60.4,1.030550.70.4,1.22938
Women0.30.1,0.544850.40.2,0.73960
All0.40.3,0.775400.60.4,0.86905
Seasonal affective disorder
Age16-240.30.1,1.05600.20.0,1.3315
25-640.20.1,0.447310.50.3,0.84200
65+0.10.0,0.422500.10.0,0.32379
SexMen0.10.0,0.330570.30.1,0.62938
Women0.30.2,0.544840.40.2,0.73961
All0.20.1,0.375410.40.2,0.66906
Any other anxiety disorder
Age16-240.30.0,1.8315
25-641.41.0,2.04199
65+0.60.3,1.12379
SexMen0.90.5,1.62938
Women1.20.9,1.63960
All1.10.8,1.46905
DV: any anxiety disorder
Age16-245.03.0,8.1315
25-646.05.1,7.04200
65+1.30.9,1.82379
SexMen2.82.1,3.72938
Women6.65.6,7.73961
All4.84.1,5.56906
DV: any of 8 CMD
Age16-248.16.2,10.655915.611.4,21.0315
25-6412.811.8,13.8472516.315.1,17.74190
65+6.85.8,8.022437.05.9,8.32376
SexMen7.86.8,8.930539.68.3,11.12932
Women13.812.7,14.9447418.316.6,20.13954
All10.810.1,11.6752714.113.0,15.36893
DV: any of 15 MHC
Age16-248.26.3,10.755917.312.9,22.9314
25-6413.612.6,14.6471917.516.2,18.84192
65+7.66.5,8.922437.96.7,9.12375
SexMen8.87.7,10.0304911.19.7,12.62933
Women14.113.1,15.3447219.117.5,20.93953
All11.510.8,12.3752115.214.1,16.46893

1.A.5 Common mental disorders (CMD) in 16-24 year olds (CIS-R), by age and sex (1993-2024)

DemographicCondition19932000200720142024
%%%%%
Men 16-24Generalised anxiety disorder1.51.21.93.83.6
Lower CI0.70.50.72.01.6
Upper CI3.12.94.77.28.0
Depressive episode1.50.81.50.90.4
Lower CI0.70.20.50.30.1
Upper CI3.22.94.32.81.5
Phobias1.41.20.71.31.9
Lower CI0.70.50.20.40.5
Upper CI2.83.03.04.16.6
Obsessive compulsive disorder1.01.31.61.25.2
Lower CI0.50.50.60.42.2
Upper CI2.13.74.54.112.0
Panic disorder1.30.31.60.40.9
Lower CI0.60.00.60.10.2
Upper CI2.82.03.92.73.4
CMHC-NOS4.94.27.65.67.5
Lower CI3.32.54.93.23.8
Upper CI7.36.911.69.814.3
Any CMHC10.38.313.010.016.3
Lower CI8.05.79.36.710.6
Upper CI13.311.917.714.724.2
Women 16-24Generalised anxiety disorder3.11.05.39.012.0
Lower CI2.00.43.36.07.3
Upper CI4.82.68.413.219.2
Depressive episode3.12.62.93.87.5
Lower CI2.01.41.52.23.8
Upper CI4.84.85.86.414.3
Phobias4.11.53.45.46.5
Lower CI2.70.61.93.33.5
Upper CI6.13.66.28.912.0
Obsessive compulsive disorder2.41.73.02.46.2
Lower CI1.50.71.21.33.1
Upper CI3.93.87.24.511.9
Panic disorder0.90.30.82.20.7
Lower CI0.40.10.20.90.2
Upper CI2.11.43.35.23.2
CMHC-NOS10.914.812.311.312.2
Lower CI8.611.19.18.17.6
Upper CI13.719.316.515.618.9
Any CMHC20.521.022.228.236.1
Lower CI17.416.817.823.028.1
Upper CI24.026.027.334.045.0
All 16-24Generalised anxiety disorder2.31.13.66.37.6
Lower CI1.50.62.44.65.0
Upper CI3.32.15.38.711.6
Depressive episode2.31.72.22.33.8
Lower CI1.61.01.21.42.0
Upper CI3.43.03.93.77.3
Phobias2.71.42.13.34.1
Lower CI1.90.71.22.12.4
Upper CI3.92.63.65.27.2
Obsessive compulsive disorder1.71.52.31.85.7
Lower CI1.10.81.21.03.3
Upper CI2.52.94.53.39.6
Panic disorder1.10.31.21.20.8
Lower CI0.60.10.60.60.3
Upper CI1.91.02.62.82.2
CMHC-NOS7.99.49.98.49.8
Lower CI6.47.37.66.26.6
Upper CI9.612.012.811.214.3
Any CMHC15.414.617.518.925.8
Lower CI13.312.014.515.820.8
Upper CI17.617.721.022.431.9
SymptomAge group19932000200720142024
(CIS-R 2+)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)
Men
Somatic symptoms16-242.4 (1.4 - 4.1)1.8 (0.8 - 4.1)3.7 (1.9 - 6.9)2.9 (1.3 - 6.2)1.9 (0.5 - 6.6)
25-645.6 (4.9 - 6.5)6.7 (5.7 - 7.9)4.4 (3.6 - 5.5)6.1 (5.0 - 7.4)6.4 (5.0 - 8.1)
65+3.4 (2.3 - 5.0)2.4 (1.5 - 3.7)2.6 (1.8 - 3.8)
All 16+4.1 (3.4 - 5.0)4.9 (4.1 - 5.8)4.9 (3.9 - 6.2)
Fatigue16-2415.5 (12.6 - 18.9)15.3 (11.4 - 20.1)18.6 (14.1 - 24.1)18.4 (13.9 - 23.9)25.9 (17.7 - 36.2)
25-6420.7 (19.4 - 22.2)25.0 (23.1 - 27.1)23.3 (21.3 - 25.5)24.9 (22.7 - 27.3)27.2 (24.6 - 29.8)
65+23.0 (20.3 - 26.0)18.2 (15.8 - 20.8)22.9 (20.0 - 26.0)
All 16+22.6 (20.9 - 24.4)22.6 (20.9 - 24.4)26.1 (23.8 - 28.4)
Concentration and forgetfulness16-245.3 (3.7 - 7.5)5.4 (3.2 - 9.1)8.3 (5.3 - 12.5)6.8 (4.2 - 10.8)10.8 (5.9 - 19.0)
25-646.4 (5.6 - 7.3)10.1 (8.7 - 11.6)8.6 (7.4 - 10.0)9.1 (7.8 - 10.7)13.7 (11.7 - 16.0)
65+8.9 (7.0 - 11.2)4.5 (3.4 - 6.0)7.4 (5.9 - 9.3)
All 16+8.6 (7.6 - 9.8)7.9 (6.9 - 9.0)12.0 (10.3 - 13.9)
Sleep problems16-2419.9 (16.6 - 23.6)22.4 (17.8 - 27.8)21.2 (16.6 - 26.8)21.9 (17.1 - 27.6)26.1 (19.2 - 34.5)
25-6420.0 (18.7 - 21.4)24.6 (22.7 - 26.7)23.3 (21.5 - 25.1)26.1 (23.8 - 28.4)28.4 (25.9 - 31.0)
65+24.4 (21.4 - 27.6)23.5 (20.6 - 26.7)23.0 (20.1 - 26.1)
All 16+23.2 (21.6 - 24.8)24.9 (23.1 - 26.8)26.9 (24.8 - 29.1)
Irritability16-2421.0 (17.6 - 24.9)15.7 (11.7 - 20.8)15.6 (12.0 - 19.9)14.5 (10.6 - 19.4)8.0 (4.6 - 13.4)
25-6417.5 (16.2 - 18.8)20.8 (18.8 - 22.9)16.7 (15.1 - 18.5)14.6 (12.9 - 16.4)13.5 (11.5 - 15.7)
65+5.0 (3.7 - 6.9)5.4 (4.1 - 7.1)6.5 (4.9 - 8.4)
All 16+14.5 (13.3 - 15.8)12.7 (11.5 - 14.1)11.2 (9.7 - 12.8)
Worry about physical health16-241.8 (0.9 - 3.2)3.3 (1.8 - 5.9)3.2 (1.6 - 6.0)2.9 (1.4 - 5.8)4.3 (1.4 - 12.2)
25-644.6 (4.0 - 5.4)7.5 (6.5 - 8.8)6.8 (5.7 - 8.1)8.5 (7.2 - 10.0)8.3 (6.9 - 10.0)
65+5.5 (4.1 - 7.4)7.5 (5.8 - 9.6)7.9 (6.2 - 10.0)
All 16+6.0 (5.1 - 7.1)7.5 (6.5 - 8.6)7.7 (6.4 - 9.1)
Depression16-247.6 (5.6 - 10.4)8.0 (5.4 - 11.7)9.8 (6.7 - 14.1)8.5 (5.5 - 12.8)7.7 (3.6 - 15.6)
25-648.1 (7.2 - 9.1)11.5 (10.2 - 13.1)10.7 (9.4 - 12.2)10.9 (9.5 - 12.6)13.1 (11.1 - 15.3)
65+8.8 (6.8 - 11.2)6.8 (5.2 - 8.8)8.4 (6.8 - 10.4)
All 16+10.3 (9.2 - 11.5)9.7 (8.6 - 11.0)11.3 (9.7 - 13.1)
Depressive ideas16-247.6 (5.6 - 10.4)6.6 (4.3 - 10.1)8.8 (5.9 - 13.0)5.1 (3.0 - 8.7)7.9 (3.7 - 16.3)
25-646.6 (5.8 - 7.5)8.7 (7.5 - 10.0)7.3 (6.3 - 8.5)8.5 (7.2 - 10.0)10.4 (8.7 - 12.4)
65+3.6 (2.4 - 5.2)3.6 (2.5 - 5.1)4.1 (3.0 - 5.6)
All 16+6.9 (6.0 - 7.9)7.0 (6.0 - 8.1)8.7 (7.3 - 10.3)
Worry16-2415.6 (12.7 - 19.1)11.3 (7.9 - 15.8)18.5 (14.2 - 23.7)14.9 (10.9 - 20.0)21.2 (14.4 - 30.2)
25-6416.7 (15.5 - 18.0)19.0 (17.3 - 20.8)17.4 (15.7 - 19.2)18.1 (16.2 - 20.2)19.6 (17.3 - 22.2)
65+8.5 (6.6 - 10.9)7.1 (5.6 - 8.9)10.0 (8.1 - 12.3)
All 16+16.0 (14.6 - 17.6)15.4 (13.9 - 17.1)17.7 (15.8 - 19.9)
Anxiety16-246.3 (4.4 - 8.7)4.8 (3.0 - 7.8)6.1 (3.6 - 10.0)6.9 (4.2 - 11.1)9.6 (5.5 - 16.3)
25-648.2 (7.3 - 9.2)9.4 (8.2 - 10.8)7.1 (6.0 - 8.3)9.9 (8.5 - 11.6)9.2 (7.6 - 11.2)
65+3.2 (2.2 - 4.7)3.3 (2.4 - 4.6)5.5 (4.1 - 7.3)
All 16+6.3 (5.4 - 7.3)8.2 (7.0 - 9.5)8.5 (7.1 - 10.0)
Phobias16-244.5 (3.0 - 6.6)5.3 (3.2 - 8.4)3.8 (1.9 - 7.5)4.9 (2.8 - 8.3)9.2 (5.0 - 16.5)
25-642.8 (2.3 - 3.4)3.6 (2.9 - 4.4)4.4 (3.5 - 5.5)4.6 (3.7 - 5.8)7.3 (5.7 - 9.3)
65+0.9 (0.4 - 1.8)1.0 (0.5 - 1.9)1.2 (0.7 - 2.2)
All 16+3.7 (3.0 - 4.6)3.9 (3.2 - 4.8)6.2 (5.0 - 7.8)
Panic16-241.6 (0.8 - 3.1)1.3 (0.5 - 3.5)2.4 (1.2 - 4.6)2.4 (1.2 - 4.8)1.1 (0.3 - 3.7)
25-641.7 (1.3 - 2.2)2.1 (1.5 - 2.8)2.0 (1.5 - 2.7)2.1 (1.5 - 2.9)4.0 (2.9 - 5.6)
65+0.9 (0.4 - 2.1)0.5 (0.2 - 1.2)0.8 (0.4 - 1.6)
All 16+1.9 (1.4 - 2.4)1.8 (1.3 - 2.5)2.9 (2.2 - 4.0)
Compulsions16-246.4 (4.5 - 8.9)3.6 (2.1 - 6.2)3.8 (2.1 - 6.9)4.4 (2.4 - 7.9)9.3 (5.3 - 15.8)
25-644.3 (3.7 - 5.0)2.6 (2.0 - 3.3)3.5 (2.7 - 4.5)5.7 (4.6 - 6.9)5.3 (4.1 - 6.8)
65+1.8 (1.0 - 3.1)2.5 (1.6 - 3.8)1.7 (0.9 - 2.9)
All 16+3.2 (2.6 - 4.1)4.8 (4.0 - 5.8)5.0 (4.0 - 6.3)
Obsessions16-247.2 (5.2 - 9.8)5.7 (3.5 - 9.1)4.8 (2.7 - 8.2)7.4 (4.6 - 11.6)9.8 (5.4 - 17.1)
25-646.4 (5.6 - 7.3)4.4 (3.6 - 5.3)4.5 (3.6 - 5.6)5.4 (4.4 - 6.6)5.9 (4.5 - 7.7)
65+1.9 (1.2 - 3.1)2.9 (2.0 - 4.2)4.0 (2.7 - 5.8)
All 16+4.1 (3.4 - 4.9)5.2 (4.4 - 6.2)6.0 (4.8 - 7.6)
Women
Somatic symptoms16-248.4 (6.4 - 10.9)7.6 (5.1 - 11.0)6.8 (4.3 - 10.3)10.5 (7.4 - 14.7)13.7 (8.4 - 21.5)
25-6410.1 (9.2 - 11.1)9.0 (8.0 - 10.2)8.8 (7.8 - 10.0)8.6 (7.5 - 9.9)10.4 (9.1 - 11.8)
65+5.3 (3.9 - 7.0)5.7 (4.5 - 7.2)5.1 (3.7 - 6.8)
All 16+7.8 (6.9 - 8.8)8.2 (7.3 - 9.2)9.5 (8.3 - 10.8)
Fatigue16-2430.6 (26.9 - 34.5)33.4 (28.0 - 39.3)31.4 (26.0 - 37.4)34.6 (29.3 - 40.3)44.3 (35.6 - 53.4)
25-6432.5 (31.0 - 34.0)33.3 (31.2 - 35.4)33.7 (31.8 - 35.7)33.9 (31.9 - 36.0)38.8 (36.4 - 41.2)
65+30.1 (27.2 - 33.1)26.3 (23.8 - 28.9)33.6 (30.4 - 36.9)
All 16+32.7 (31.0 - 34.3)32.2 (30.5 - 33.9)38.2 (36.1 - 40.2)
Concentration and forgetfulness16-249.8 (7.6 - 12.5)11.8 (8.6 - 16.2)8.0 (5.4 - 11.6)14.3 (10.7 - 18.8)21.8 (15.4 - 29.9)
25-649.3 (8.5 - 10.3)11.3 (10.1 - 12.6)11.7 (10.5 - 13.1)13.1 (11.7 - 14.6)18.6 (16.8 - 20.6)
65+7.0 (5.6 - 8.8)5.9 (4.7 - 7.5)7.9 (6.3 - 9.8)
All 16+10.2 (9.3 - 11.3)11.6 (10.5 - 12.8)16.4 (14.9 - 18.0)
Sleep problems16-2427.0 (23.5 - 30.9)35.1 (29.7 - 41.0)33.9 (28.3 - 39.9)35.4 (29.5 - 41.8)31.3 (23.8 - 39.8)
25-6428.0 (26.6 - 29.5)34.3 (32.3 - 36.3)36.7 (34.8 - 38.6)34.4 (32.5 - 36.4)37.5 (35.1 - 40.1)
65+38.8 (35.8 - 41.9)35.9 (33.2 - 38.8)40.5 (37.2 - 43.9)
All 16+36.7 (35.1 - 38.4)34.9 (33.2 - 36.6)37.4 (35.3 - 39.7)
Irritability16-2431.2 (27.4 - 35.2)31.4 (26.3 - 37.1)29.1 (24.0 - 34.7)27.0 (21.9 - 32.8)23.3 (16.5 - 31.7)
25-6423.5 (22.1 - 24.9)22.4 (20.8 - 24.2)22.0 (20.3 - 23.8)19.0 (17.4 - 20.7)17.4 (15.6 - 19.4)
65+7.3 (5.7 - 9.2)6.4 (5.1 - 8.1)8.3 (6.5 - 10.6)
All 16+19.9 (18.5 - 21.4)17.2 (15.9 - 18.6)15.9 (14.4 - 17.6)
Worry about physical health16-244.4 (3.1 - 6.3)9.3 (6.4 - 13.3)4.4 (2.5 - 7.4)7.1 (4.6 - 10.6)7.6 (4.0 - 14.0)
25-644.7 (4.1 - 5.4)7.1 (6.2 - 8.1)7.2 (6.3 - 8.4)10.6 (9.4 - 11.8)10.8 (9.4 - 12.4)
65+9.7 (7.8 - 12.0)8.1 (6.6 - 9.9)9.5 (7.6 - 11.9)
All 16+7.4 (6.5 - 8.3)9.5 (8.6 - 10.5)10.1 (8.9 - 11.5)
Depression16-2412.4 (10.0 - 15.4)13.8 (10.3 - 18.3)14.9 (11.3 - 19.6)11.7 (8.4 - 16.1)17.0 (11.3 - 24.7)
25-649.7 (8.8 - 10.7)11.8 (10.5 - 13.2)13.0 (11.7 - 14.3)13.2 (11.9 - 14.7)14.4 (12.8 - 16.2)
65+9.8 (8.2 - 11.7)9.7 (8.0 - 11.6)10.2 (8.2 - 12.7)
All 16+12.6 (11.5 - 13.8)12.2 (11.1 - 13.4)13.7 (12.2 - 15.3)
Depressive ideas16-2414.4 (11.7 - 17.5)16.5 (12.6 - 21.4)15.7 (11.8 - 20.8)12.7 (9.4 - 16.9)25.2 (17.9 - 34.1)
25-6410.2 (9.2 - 11.2)11.4 (10.2 - 12.7)12.4 (11.2 - 13.8)11.4 (10.1 - 12.8)12.3 (10.9 - 13.8)
65+5.9 (4.5 - 7.6)4.9 (3.8 - 6.5)4.9 (3.4 - 6.9)
All 16+11.5 (10.5 - 12.6)10.1 (9.0 - 11.2)12.1 (10.6 - 13.6)
Worry16-2425.2 (21.8 - 29.0)27.5 (22.6 - 33.0)25.8 (20.9 - 31.3)29.1 (23.9 - 35.0)35.0 (26.9 - 44.2)
25-6421.8 (20.5 - 23.2)22.2 (20.3 - 24.1)22.9 (21.3 - 24.6)23.4 (21.7 - 25.1)25.9 (23.7 - 28.1)
65+13.1 (11.2 - 15.3)13.1 (11.2 - 15.4)15.1 (12.7 - 17.8)
All 16+21.3 (19.9 - 22.7)21.8 (20.3 - 23.2)24.4 (22.5 - 26.3)
Anxiety16-249.6 (7.5 - 12.3)6.9 (4.7 - 10.0)10.9 (7.7 - 15.1)12.9 (9.4 - 17.5)16.4 (10.5 - 24.7)
25-6410.8 (9.9 - 11.9)10.3 (9.1 - 11.5)10.7 (9.6 - 12.0)10.6 (9.5 - 11.9)14.1 (12.4 - 15.9)
65+6.0 (4.6 - 7.7)7.7 (6.2 - 9.5)6.9 (5.3 - 8.9)
All 16+9.7 (8.8 - 10.8)10.3 (9.2 - 11.4)12.6 (11.2 - 14.2)
Phobias16-249.4 (7.3 - 12.1)7.2 (4.9 - 10.5)13.3 (9.4 - 18.6)15.9 (11.9 - 20.9)17.1 (11.3 - 24.9)
25-646.4 (5.6 - 7.2)6.0 (5.2 - 7.0)7.4 (6.3 - 8.6)8.2 (7.2 - 9.2)9.0 (7.9 - 10.4)
65+2.4 (1.6 - 3.6)2.6 (1.8 - 3.7)3.2 (2.3 - 4.5)
All 16+7.2 (6.1 - 8.3)7.9 (7.0 - 8.9)8.6 (7.5 - 9.9)
Panic16-244.1 (2.8 - 6.0)1.3 (0.6 - 2.7)2.9 (1.5 - 5.6)6.7 (4.2 - 10.6)12.5 (7.3 - 20.5)
25-643.0 (2.5 - 3.6)2.3 (1.8 - 2.9)4.1 (3.4 - 4.9)3.2 (2.6 - 3.8)4.4 (3.4 - 5.5)
65+1.1 (0.6 - 2.1)1.0 (0.5 - 1.9)1.3 (0.8 - 2.3)
All 16+3.3 (2.8 - 3.9)3.1 (2.6 - 3.8)4.6 (3.7 - 5.8)
Compulsions16-2410.0 (7.8 - 12.7)5.1 (3.1 - 8.2)9.4 (6.3 - 13.8)10.3 (7.2 - 14.5)11.8 (7.2 - 18.8)
25-646.7 (6.0 - 7.6)3.6 (3.0 - 4.4)4.5 (3.7 - 5.4)5.7 (4.8 - 6.7)6.7 (5.6 - 8.0)
65+2.0 (1.3 - 3.0)1.6 (1.0 - 2.6)2.3 (1.6 - 3.3)
All 16+4.6 (3.9 - 5.5)5.4 (4.6 - 6.2)6.3 (5.3 - 7.4)
Obsessions16-2412.6 (10.2 - 15.6)7.6 (5.3 - 10.9)8.5 (5.4 - 13.2)10.0 (6.8 - 14.5)16.2 (10.4 - 24.3)
25-6411.2 (10.2 - 12.3)7.3 (6.3 - 8.5)6.4 (5.4 - 7.5)6.1 (5.3 - 7.1)8.3 (7.0 - 9.8)
65+4.0 (3.0 - 5.3)4.4 (3.2 - 6.0)5.1 (3.8 - 6.7)
All 16+6.2 (5.3 - 7.1)6.3 (5.5 - 7.1)8.5 (7.2 - 9.9)
All
Somatic symptoms16-245.3 (4.2 - 6.8)4.7 (3.3 - 6.7)5.2 (3.6 - 7.4)6.6 (4.8 - 9.0)7.6 (4.9 - 11.5)
25-647.8 (7.2 - 8.5)7.9 (7.1 - 8.7)6.7 (6.0 - 7.4)7.4 (6.5 - 8.3)8.4 (7.4 - 9.5)
65+4.4 (3.5 - 5.6)4.2 (3.4 - 5.2)3.9 (3.1 - 5.0)
All 16+6.0 (5.4 - 6.7)6.6 (6.0 - 7.3)7.3 (6.5 - 8.1)
Fatigue16-2422.9 (20.5 - 25.5)24.3 (20.8 - 28.1)24.9 (21.2 - 29.1)26.3 (22.9 - 30.0)35.1 (29.0 - 41.6)
25-6426.6 (25.5 - 27.6)29.1 (27.6 - 30.7)28.6 (27.2 - 30.1)29.4 (27.8 - 31.1)33.1 (31.4 - 34.9)
65+27.0 (25.0 - 29.1)22.6 (21.0 - 24.3)28.7 (26.5 - 31.0)
All 16+27.8 (26.6 - 29.0)27.5 (26.3 - 28.8)32.3 (30.8 - 33.9)
Concentration and forgetfulness16-247.5 (6.1 - 9.2)8.6 (6.5 - 11.2)8.1 (6.1 - 10.8)10.4 (8.1 - 13.4)16.1 (12.1 - 21.1)
25-647.9 (7.3 - 8.5)10.7 (9.7 - 11.7)10.2 (9.3 - 11.1)11.1 (10.1 - 12.3)16.2 (14.9 - 17.7)
65+7.8 (6.6 - 9.3)5.3 (4.4 - 6.4)7.7 (6.5 - 9.0)
All 16+9.5 (8.7 - 10.2)9.8 (9.0 - 10.6)14.2 (13.1 - 15.4)
Sleep problems16-2423.4 (20.9 - 26.0)28.7 (25.2 - 32.5)27.5 (23.8 - 31.5)28.5 (24.7 - 32.6)28.4 (23.4 - 34.1)
25-6424.0 (23.0 - 25.0)29.4 (27.9 - 31.0)30.0 (28.7 - 31.4)30.3 (28.7 - 31.8)33.1 (31.2 - 35.0)
65+32.4 (30.3 - 34.6)30.3 (28.3 - 32.4)32.5 (30.2 - 34.8)
All 16+30.1 (28.9 - 31.4)30.0 (28.7 - 31.3)32.3 (30.8 - 33.8)
Irritability16-2426.0 (23.4 - 28.8)23.5 (20.1 - 27.3)22.3 (18.9 - 26.0)20.6 (17.1 - 24.5)15.7 (11.8 - 20.6)
25-6420.5 (19.5 - 21.4)21.6 (20.2 - 23.0)19.4 (18.1 - 20.7)16.8 (15.6 - 18.1)15.5 (14.3 - 16.9)
65+6.3 (5.2 - 7.6)6.0 (5.0 - 7.1)7.5 (6.2 - 9.0)
All 16+17.3 (16.3 - 18.4)15.0 (14.1 - 16.0)13.7 (12.7 - 14.8)
Worry about physical health16-243.1 (2.2 - 4.2)6.3 (4.6 - 8.5)3.7 (2.5 - 5.5)4.9 (3.4 - 7.2)5.9 (3.4 - 10.0)
25-644.7 (4.2 - 5.2)7.3 (6.6 - 8.2)7.0 (6.2 - 7.9)9.5 (8.6 - 10.5)9.6 (8.6 - 10.8)
65+7.9 (6.6 - 9.3)7.8 (6.7 - 9.1)8.8 (7.4 - 10.3)
All 16+6.7 (6.0 - 7.4)8.5 (7.8 - 9.3)8.9 (8.1 - 9.9)
Depression16-2410.0 (8.3 - 11.9)10.9 (8.6 - 13.6)12.3 (9.7 - 15.6)10.1 (7.8 - 12.9)12.1 (8.5 - 17.1)
25-648.9 (8.2 - 9.6)11.7 (10.7 - 12.7)11.9 (11.0 - 12.8)12.1 (11.1 - 13.2)13.7 (12.4 - 15.2)
65+9.4 (8.0 - 10.9)8.4 (7.2 - 9.7)9.4 (8.0 - 10.9)
All 16+11.5 (10.7 - 12.3)11.0 (10.2 - 11.9)12.5 (11.4 - 13.7)
Depressive ideas16-2411.0 (9.2 - 13.0)11.5 (9.2 - 14.4)12.3 (9.6 - 15.4)8.8 (6.8 - 11.4)16.2 (11.9 - 21.7)
25-648.4 (7.7 - 9.0)10.0 (9.1 - 11.0)9.9 (9.1 - 10.8)10.0 (9.0 - 11.0)11.4 (10.3 - 12.6)
65+4.9 (3.9 - 6.0)4.3 (3.5 - 5.3)4.5 (3.5 - 5.8)
All 16+9.3 (8.6 - 10.0)8.6 (7.8 - 9.4)10.4 (9.5 - 11.5)
Worry16-2420.3 (18.0 - 22.9)19.3 (16.3 - 22.8)22.1 (18.8 - 25.8)21.8 (18.6 - 25.5)28.1 (22.6 - 34.4)
25-6419.2 (18.3 - 20.2)20.6 (19.2 - 22.0)20.2 (19.0 - 21.4)20.7 (19.4 - 22.1)22.8 (21.2 - 24.5)
65+11.1 (9.6 - 12.7)10.4 (9.2 - 11.8)12.7 (11.1 - 14.5)
All 16+18.7 (17.7 - 19.8)18.7 (17.6 - 19.8)21.2 (19.8 - 22.7)
Anxiety16-247.9 (6.4 - 9.7)5.9 (4.3 - 7.9)8.4 (6.4 - 11.0)9.8 (7.6 - 12.7)12.8 (9.3 - 17.4)
25-649.5 (8.8 - 10.2)9.8 (8.9 - 10.8)8.9 (8.1 - 9.7)10.3 (9.3 - 11.3)11.7 (10.6 - 13.0)
65+4.8 (3.9 - 5.8)5.7 (4.8 - 6.8)6.3 (5.1 - 7.6)
All 16+8.0 (7.4 - 8.7)9.2 (8.5 - 10.0)10.6 (9.7 - 11.7)
Phobias16-246.9 (5.6 - 8.5)6.2 (4.6 - 8.4)8.5 (6.3 - 11.4)10.2 (7.9 - 13.2)13.0 (9.3 - 17.8)
25-644.6 (4.1 - 5.1)4.8 (4.2 - 5.4)5.9 (5.2 - 6.7)6.4 (5.7 - 7.2)8.2 (7.2 - 9.3)
65+1.8 (1.3 - 2.4)1.9 (1.4 - 2.6)2.3 (1.7 - 3.1)
All 16+5.5 (4.9 - 6.2)6.0 (5.4 - 6.6)7.5 (6.6 - 8.4)
Panic16-242.8 (2.0 - 4.0)1.3 (0.7 - 2.4)2.6 (1.7 - 4.1)4.5 (3.1 - 6.7)6.6 (4.1 - 10.5)
25-642.4 (2.0 - 2.8)2.2 (1.8 - 2.7)3.1 (2.6 - 3.6)2.6 (2.2 - 3.2)4.2 (3.4 - 5.1)
65+1.0 (0.6 - 1.7)0.8 (0.4 - 1.3)1.1 (0.7 - 1.7)
All 16+2.6 (2.3 - 3.0)2.5 (2.1 - 2.9)3.8 (3.2 - 4.6)
Compulsions16-248.1 (6.7 - 9.9)4.3 (3.0 - 6.2)6.6 (4.7 - 9.0)7.3 (5.4 - 9.8)10.7 (7.5 - 15.1)
25-645.5 (5.0 - 6.0)3.1 (2.6 - 3.6)4.0 (3.4 - 4.7)5.7 (5.0 - 6.4)6.0 (5.2 - 6.9)
65+1.9 (1.3 - 2.7)2.0 (1.5 - 2.8)2.0 (1.5 - 2.8)
All 16+4.0 (3.4 - 4.6)5.1 (4.6 - 5.7)5.7 (5.0 - 6.5)
Obsessions16-249.9 (8.2 - 11.8)6.6 (4.9 - 8.9)6.6 (4.7 - 9.3)8.7 (6.4 - 11.7)12.8 (9.1 - 17.8)
25-648.8 (8.1 - 9.5)5.8 (5.2 - 6.6)5.4 (4.7 - 6.2)5.8 (5.1 - 6.6)7.1 (6.1 - 8.3)
65+3.1 (2.4 - 3.9)3.8 (3.0 - 4.8)4.6 (3.6 - 5.7)
All 16+5.2 (4.6 - 5.8)5.7 (5.1 - 6.4)7.3 (6.4 - 8.3)

1.A.7 Specific mental health conditions assessed and screened, by age and sex (1993-2024)

ConditionMeasureAge1993 %2000 %2007 %2014 %2024 %
grou
p
All
ADHD screen positiveASRS 4+16-2413.814.625.0
95% lower CI11.211.820.2
95% upper CI16.918.030.8
16+8.29.713.9
95% lower CI7.68.912.8
95% upper CI8.910.615.2
Alcohol dependenceAUDIT 16+16-246.86.24.22.0
95% lower CI5.04.42.70.7
95% upper CI9.18.66.65.8
16-743.43.83.42.9
95% lower CI2.93.32.92.4
95% upper CI4.04.44.03.6
Antisocial PDSCID-SC18-246.04.91.3
95% lower CI4.03.30.4
95% upper CI8.97.34.5
18+3.13.32.4
95% lower CI2.72.81.9
95% upper CI3.64.03.1
Autistic traitsAQ17 8+16-2411.119.333.2
95% lower CI8.616.327.1
95% upper CI14.322.829.9
16+10.914.520.4
95% lower CI10.013.619.0
95% upper CI11.815.421.9
Bipolar disorderMood Disorder Questionnaire16-243.42.0
95% lower CI2.30.8
95% upper CI5.14.6
16+2.01.9
95% lower CI1.61.5
95% upper CI2.42.4
Borderline PDSCID-SC16-244.35.76.1
95% lower CI2.84.03.7
95% upper CI6.68.210.0
16-642.02.42.5
95% lower CI1.62.01.9
95% upper CI2.52.93.2
Drug dependenceSigns of dependence (1+)16-247.510.310.28.310.1
95% lower CI:8.17.86.16.8
95% upper CI:13.113.211.215.0
16-642.24.04.13.86.7
95% lower CI:3.53.53.25.7
95% upper CI:4.64.84.57.9
Eating disordersSCOFF 2+ and impact16-243.56.7
95% lower CI2.34.2
95% upper CI5.410.8
16+1.62.2
95% lower CI1.31.7
95% upper CI1.92.9
Personality disorder (screen)SAPAS16-2422.426.4
95% lower CI19.121.2
95% upper CI26.232.4
16+13.714.9
95% lower CI12.713.6
95% upper CI14.616.2
Post traumatic stress disorderPCL-CL16-248.011.4
95% lower CI5.97.8
95% upper CI10.716.5
16+4.45.7
95% lower CI3.84.9
95% upper CI5.06.6
Psychotic disorderSCAN positive, probable16+0.40.70.4
95% lower CI0.30.40.2
95% upper CI0.61.10.7
CIS-R: face to face report16-245.38.913.721.2
Self-harm (nonsuicidal, ever)95% lower CI3.76.911.216.0
95% upper CI7.611.616.727.9
16-742.43.86.410.3
95% lower CI2.03.35.89.1
95% upper CI2.84.37.211.6
Suicide attempt (past year)CIS-R: face to face report16-241.31.72.21.3
95% lower CI0.60.91.20.6
95% upper CI2.53.44.13.1
16-740.50.70.71.0
95% lower CI0.40.50.50.7
95% upper CI0.71.01.11.4
Co-occurrence0 types of condition16+67.864.657.3
95% lower CI66.263.055.2
95% upper CI69.366.159.3
1 type of condition21.021.322.7
95% lower CI19.820.021.1
95% upper CI22.222.624.5
2 types of conditions6.98.811.2
95% lower CI6.27.99.9
95% upper CI7.79.812.6
3+ types of conditions4.45.38.8
95% lower CI3.84.77.8
95% upper CI5.06.110.0

B: Trends in CMD, ADHD, autistic traits by sub-groups 1.B.1 Proportion of adults (mostly 16-64) with a Cmd (CIS-R) by social factors (1993-2024)

Social factorsCategories19932000200720142024
%%%%%
Demographics
All16-6415.517.517.618.922.6
CI14.7,16.316.5,18.516.5,18.817.7,20.121.0,24.3
SexMen (16-64)11.914.613.714.717.3
CI10.9,12.913.3,16.012.1,15.313.1,16.415.2,19.5
Women (16-64)19.120.421.523.127.8
CI18.0,20.418.9,21.919.9,23.121.4,24.825.7,30.1
Age16-2415.414.617.518.925.8
CI13.3,17.612.0,17.714.5,21.015.8,22.420.8,31.9
25-3416.018.118.819.023.7
CI14.5,17.616.1,20.316.4,21.616.7,21.720.1.27.5
35-4416.318.617.319.322.2
CI14.6,18.116.6,20.815.4,19.417.0,22.019.4,25.2
45-5416.219.619.919.122.8
CI14.5,18.117.4,22.017.5,22.516.9,21.520.1,25.8
55-6412.815.014.118.019.2
CI11.2,14.613.0,17.312.2,16.315.8,20.316.8,21.9
65-749.310.911.513.7
CI7.6,11.49.2,12.99.6,13.711.6,16.1
75+9.98.810.2
CI8.0,12.37.1,10.78.3,12.5
25-6415.518.017.618.922.0
CI14.7,16.417.0,19.116.4,18.817.7,20.220.4,23.6
EthnicityAsian/Asian British15.116.516.4
CI10.9,20.612.9,20.812.5, 21.2
Black21.224.015.1
CI15.9,27.616.6,33.310.3, 21.7
Mixed/multiple/other24.219.823.9
CI16.3,34.313.4,28.416.9,32.8
White15.716.720.7
CI14.7,16.815.7,17.819.3,22.2
ReligionNo religion17.018.022.4
CI15.6,18.516.6,19.620.6,24.4
Any religion15.316.016.9
CI14.0,16.714.7,17.515.1,19.0
Sexual orientation1Heterosexual15.517.918.2
CI14.5,16.516.7,19.216.8,19.7
Not heterosexual24.835.541.9
CI20.9,29.228.6,43.133.6,50.7
Socio-
economics
Employment status (aged 16-64)Employed12.814.514.114.918.1
CI11.9,13.713.4,15.712.9,15.513.6,16.316.4,20.0
Unemployed25.322.929.325.243.1
CI22.0,28.917.1,29.921.2,39.119.4,32.131.1,56.0
Not economically inactive19.926.826.430.334.2
CI18.2,21.824.5,29.323.9,29.127.7,33.030.6,37.9
Benefit receipt (disability) 16-642In receipt of disabilityrelated out of work benefits49.864.067.1
CI43.5,56.257.5,70.158.7,74.6
Not in receipt of disability-related out of work benefits15.916.7%21.0

1 Specific questions relating to sexual orientation differed between APMS survey years, see questionnaire documentation for details. In the 2007 data, only individuals who self-identified as ‘completely’ or ‘entirely’ heterosexual were categorised as heterosexual. 2 Disability-related out of work benefits changed over time. 2007 data include Incapacity Benefit (IB) and Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA); 2014 data include IB, SDA and Employment and Support Allowance (ESA); 2023/24 data include ESA.

CI14.8,17.115.6,17.919.4,22.7
Equivalised household incomeHighest income quintile12.111.913.8
CI10.2,14.410.0,14.211.4,16.7
2nd11.612.017.2
CI9.9,13.610.1,14.313.9,21.0
3rd15.716.219.5
CI13.5,18.314.1,18.516.4,22.9
4th18.217.119.0
CI15.8,20.814.9,19.716.1,22.3
Lowest income quintile23.626.830.5
CI21.2,26.224.3,29.526.6,34.6
Housing tenure (16-64)Owner-occupied13.115.014.015.117.6
CI12.3,14.113.9,16.212.8,15.313.7,16.515.8,19.6
Rent or other21.723.924.924.429.9
CI20.0,23.521.8,26.222.6,27.322.5,26.527.2,32.8
Housing tenure in young people (16-24)Owner-occupied12.713.817.216.727.3
CI10.3,15.510.3,18.113.7,21.312.9,21.323.1,31.9
Rent or other20.015.417.220.224.6
CI16.5,24.011.7,19.913.7,21.417.3,23.521.2,28.5
Area-level deprivationMost deprive quintile21.924.126.5
CI19.4,24.821.5,26.924.0,29.2
2nd16.720.523.0
CI14.5,19.217.9,23.319.8,26.7
3rd18.316.018.8
CI16.1,20.614.3,17.916.0,22.0
4th13.413.817.6
CI11.4,15.612.1,15.614.6,21.2
Least deprived quintile10.910.815.3
CI9.4,12.69.1,12.713.0,17.8

1.B.2 CMD and ADHD by whether people have been in prison (APMS 2014 and 2024) Condition Ever been in prison %

ConditionEver been in prison %Never been in prison %p-valueOR
(95% CI)(95% CI)
2014*
Proportion who have been in prison1.4% (n=103)98.6% (n=7417)
CMD42.5 (31.9–53.8)16.6 (15.6–17.6)< 0.001
ADHD (ASRS 4+)31.0 (21.7–42.0)9.4 (8.6–10.3)< 0.001
2024
Proportion who have been in prison1.5% (n=90)98.5% (n=6054)
CMD37.0 (25.7-50.0)19.3 (17.8-20.8)0.001
ADHD (ASRS 4+)19.6 (11.6-31.1)13.5 (12.4-14.8)0.163

2014* Proportion who have been in prison 1.4% (n=103) 98.6% (n=7417) CMD 42.5 (31.9–53.8) 16.6 (15.6–17.6) < 0.001 ADHD (ASRS 4+) 31.0 (21.7–42.0) 9.4 (8.6–10.3) < 0.001 2024 Proportion who have been in prison 1.5% (n=90) 98.5% (n=6054) CMD 37.0 (25.7-50.0) 19.3 (17.8-20.8) 0.001 ADHD (ASRS 4+) 19.6 (11.6-31.1) 13.5 (12.4-14.8) 0.163 *Reported in: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-021-02066-0 APMS asked participants whether they have, in the past, been in prison. Those reporting this were more likely than the rest of the population to be identified with CMD, ADHD, and most other conditions on the survey, except for autism (Bebbington et al., 2022).

1.B.3 CMD and ADHD by whether people have been homeless (APMS 2007/2014 and 2024)

ConditionEver been homeless %Never homelessp-valueOR
(95% CI)% (95% CI)
2007
Proportion who have been homeless3.7% (n=286)96.3% (n=7071)
CMD43.7 (37.9-49.8)15.1 (14.1-16.1)<0.001
ADHD (ASRS 4+)19.0 (14.7-24.1)7.8 (7.2-8.5)<0.001
2014
Proportion who have been homeless3.9% (n=313)96.1% (n=7206)
CMD46.9 (40.7-53.2)15.8 (14.7-16.8)<0.001
ADHD (ASRS 4+)26.0 (20.8-32.0)9.0 (8.2-9.9)<0.001
2024
Proportion who have been homeless3.7 (n=331)96.3% (n=6810)
CMD59.9 (52.5-67.0)18.5 (17.2-19.8)<0.001
ADHD (ASRS 4+)41.5 (34.0-49.4)12.7 (11.7-13.9)<0.001

ADHD (ASRS 4+) 41.5 (34.0-49.4) 12.7 (11.7-13.9) <0.001 APMS asked participants whether they have, in the past, been homeless. This has been found to be an enduring marker of psychiatric distress (Chilman et al., 2025) and remains so in the 2024 dataset. In fact, it appears that the gap may have widened, although the numbers are small and we should be cautious in interpreting change.

1.B.4 Proportion of adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+) by social factors (2007-2024)

Social factorsCategories2007 %2014 %2024 %
Demographics
All16+8.29.713.9
CI7.6,8.98.9,10.612.8,15.1
SexMen8.810.013.0
CI7.8,9.88.8,11.411.3,14.8
Women7.79.514.8
CI6.8,8.78.5,10.513.4,16.3
Age16-2413.814.625.0
CI11.2,16.911.8,18.020.4,30.2
25-648.210.715.2
CI7.4,9.09.6,11.813.9,16.6
65+4.33.84.0
CI3.5,5.33.0,4.83.1,5.1
EthnicityWhite8.19.514.7
CI7.4,8.88.7,10.413.5,16.0
Black9.512.910.7
CI5.8,15.28.5,19.16.4,17.4
Asian/Asian British6.311.16.8
CI4.2,9.57.9,15.64.7,9.7
Mixed/multiple/other14.68.417.9
CI8.9,23.04.3,15.911.6,26.5
ReligionNo religion9.410.716.7
CI8.3,10.79.6,12.015.1,18.4
Any religion7.18.810.0
CI6.3,8.17.8,9.98.7,11.5
Sexual orientationHeterosexual7.710.812.5
CI7.1,8.49.8,11.911.4,13.8
Not heterosexual14.122.033.1
CI10.8,18.116.3,28.926.3,40.5
Socioeconomics
Employment statusEmployed7.58.213.7
CI6.7,8.47.2,9.412.3,15.2
Unemployed15.716.536.2
CI9.8,24.011.5,23.124.6,49.7
Economically inactive13.220.424.3
CI11.4,15.318.0,23.121.2,27.6
Disability benefit (outof-work)In receipt22.437.540.5
CI17.9,27.631.3,44.132.2,49.4
Not in receipt8.610.116.0
CI7.8,9.59.2,11.214.7,17.5
Equivalised household incomeHighest quintile7.66.912.1
CI6.1,9.55.4,8.810.0,14.6
2nd5.010.112.8
CI3.8,6.68.3,12.110.4,15.8
3rd7.27.812.1
CI5.8,9.06.2,9.79.5,15.3
4th7.86.812.6
CI6.3,9.65.4,8.79.8,16.1
Lowest quintile13.915.720.0
CI11.9,16.013.4,18.416.5,24.0
Area-level deprivationMost deprived quintile10.714.217.0
CI9.1,12.712.1,16.714.7,19.5
2nd7.711.014.3
CI6.3,9.59.1,13.311.8,17.2
3rd8.69.812.1
CI7.2,10.28.2,11.79.9,14.7
4th7.37.614.1
CI6.1,8.76.1,9.411.8,16.9
Least deprived quintile6.86.112.2
CI5.3,8.64.9,7.510.1,14.8

Ci 5.3,8.6 4.9,7.5 10.1,14.8

1.B.5 Proportion of adults (16+) with autistic traits (AQ8+) by social factors (2007- 2024) Social factors Categories 2007 %

Social factorsCategories200720142024
%%%
Demographics
All16+10.914.520.4
CI10.0,11.813.6,15.419.0,21.9
SexMen13.317.424.3
CI12.0,14.815.9,19.022.0,26.7
Women8.611.716.7
CI7.6,9.610.6,12.915.0,18.5
Age16-2411.119.333.2
CI8.6,14.316.3,22.827.3,39.7
25-6410.013.820.2
CI9.1,11.012.7,15.018.6,21.9
65+13.813.012.9
CI12.2,15.611.6,14.611.3,14.6
EthnicityWhite10.614.420.4
CI9.8,11.513.5,15.319.0,22.0
Black7.912.716.7
CI4.9,12.57.3,21.111.5,23.6
Asian/Asian British14.715.719.6
CI10.2,20.911.7,20.814.9,25.3
Mixed/multiple/other15.415.127.2
CI9.1,24.710.1,21.919.3,36.8
ReligionNo religion11.016.223.8
CI9.8,12.314.8,17.721.8,25.9
Any religion10.612.816.2
CI9.6,11.811.6,14.114.4,18.1
Sexual orientationHeterosexual10.014.119.0
CI9.1,10.913.0,15.117.5,20.5
Not heterosexual22.031.541.8
CI18.0,26.424.7,39.234.1,49.9
Socioeconomics
Employment statusEmployed8.411.718.1
CI7.4,9.510.6,12.916.4,20.0
Unemployed15.326.245.8
CI10.0,22.619.7,34.033.4,58.8
Economically inactive15.123.133.8
CI13.1,17.320.5,25.929.8,38.1
Disability benefit (out-ofwork)In receipt25.736.854.5
CI20.5,31.630.3,43.844.9,63.8
Not in receipt9.413.821.4
CI8.5,10.412.8,14.919.7,23.2
Equivalised household incomeHighest quintile6.48.614.7
CI5.1,8.26.8,10.812.0,17.8
2nd8.314.622.1
CI6.7,10.112.5,16.818.8,25.9
3rd10.511.416.7
CI8.7,12.59.6,13.513.6,20.4
4th13.112.216.8
CI11.1,15.410.1,14.714.0,20.0
Lowest quintile17.421.529.1
CI15.0,20.018.8,24.425.0,33.5
Housing tenure (16+)Owner-occupied9.312.816.8
CI8.4,10.211.8,13.915.3,18.4
Rent or other14.717.327.1
CI13.0,16.515.7,19.024.4,30.1
Housing tenure in young people (16-24)Owner-occupied8.522.132.4
CI6.1,11.718.0,26.927.5,37.7
Rent or other13.717.433.8
CI10.7,17.515.0,20.228.0,40.2
Area-level deprivationMost deprived quintile15.618.727.6
CI13.3,18.116.7,20.825.0,30.3
2nd10.217.119.4
CI8.5,12.314.8,19.616.2,23.1
3rd10.612.918.5
CI8.9,12.611.2,14.815.7,21.7
4th9.713.718.7
CI8.2,11.411.8,15.915.9,21.9
Least deprived quintile8.310.118.5
CI6.9,9.98.5,12.015.4,22.0

References Bebbington, P. E., McManus, S., Coid, J. W., Garside, R., & Brugha, T. (2021). The mental health of ex-prisoners: analysis of the 2014 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(11), 2083-2093.

Bunce A, Cook EA, Bowstead JC, Mehay A, McManus S (under review) Trends over time in violence and victimisation in the adult prison population: cross-sectional surveys of 107,347 prisoners in 155 prisons in England and Wales, 2000 to 2022

Chilman, N., Schofield, P., McManus, S., Ronaldson, A., Stagg, A., & Das-Munshi, J. (2024). The public health significance of prior homelessness: findings on multimorbidity and mental health from a nationally representative survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 33, e63.

Morris, S., Hill, S., Brugha, T., McManus, S. (Eds.). (2025). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England, 2023/4. NHS England. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24367.39840

C: Trends in treatment, service contact, and recognition (Kings) The analyses in this section examine - among people identified with key conditions (CMD and traits of ADHD, autism), compared to the rest of the population - the temporal trends in the extent and experience of use of mental health treatment, services, and individual and clinical recognition. Results 1.C.1 Proportion of adults (aged 16-74) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment and services (2000-2024)

Treatment and service use2000200720142024
Mental health treatment receipt (current)
No treatment (%)76.975.660.652.3
Lower CI74.373.157.648.4
Upper CI79.477.963.556.2
Medication only (%)14.414.126.829.7
Lower CI12.512.224.326.2
Upper CI16.616.129.533.5
Psychological therapy only (%)3.84.94.99.3
Lower CI2.83.83.67.1
Upper CI5.16.26.612.1
Both medication and psychological therapy (%)4.85.57.78.6
Lower CI3.74.46.36.8
Upper CI6.37.09.310.9
Any treatment (%)23.124.439.447.7
Lower CI20.621.936.543.8
Upper CI25.727.242.451.6
Healthcare services used for a mental health reason
Inpatient stay in past quarter (%)0.60.41.10.6
Lower CI0.20.20.50.3
Upper CI1.30.92.41.2
Out-patient visit in past quarter (%)2.74.02.92.5
Lower CI1.92.92.11.6
Upper CI3.95.54.03.8
Spoken with GP in past 2 weeks (%)6.310.110.67.8
Lower CI5.08.49.16.5
Upper CI8.012.012.49.5
Spoken with GP in past year (%)38.240.346.442.7
Lower CI35.237.243.238.9
Upper CI41.343.349.646.6
Any health service use for mental health reason (%)39.141.647.043.5
Lower CI36.138.643.840.4
Upper CI42.244.850.246.7
Community and day care service (past year)
Any community care/day service used (%)17.217.820.622.9
Lower CI15.115.718.419.9
Upper CI19.620.222.926.3

1.C.2 Proportion of adults (aged 16-74) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment (2000-2024)

Mental health treatment receipt (current)2000200720142024
Men
No treatment (%)77.577.863.553.4
Lower CI73.073.258.546.7
Upper CI81.481.968.260.0
Medication only (%)12.111.123.729.1
Lower CI9.28.219.623.0
Upper CI15.815.028.436.0
Psychological therapy only (%)4.24.53.16.7
Lower CI2.62.91.63.6
Upper CI6.67.05.711.9
Both medication and psychological therapy (%)6.26.59.810.8
Lower CI4.24.57.07.4
Upper CI9.19.213.515.7
Any treatment (%)22.522.236.546.6
Lower CI18.618.031.840.0
Upper CI27.027.041.553.3
Women
No treatment (%)76.674.258.851.8
Lower CI73.370.855.146.8
Upper CI79.677.362.456.7
Medication only (%)16.015.828.829.9
Lower CI13.513.525.625.8
Upper CI18.918.632.134.4
Psychological therapy only (%)3.65.06.111.0
Lower CI2.43.64.38.1
Upper CI5.17.18.514.8
Both medication and psychological therapy (%)3.94.96.47.3
Lower CI2.73.65.05.5
Upper CI5.56.78.29.5
Any treatment (%)23.425.841.248.2
Lower CI20.422.737.643.3
Upper CI26.729.244.953.2

1.C.3 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with Cmd (CIS-R) in receipt of mental health treatment and services (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearN%Lower CIUpper CI
All aged 16+
Any current mental health treatment2007127023.621.326.1
2014133638.535.641.5
2024144444.641.248.1
Current MH medication2007127018.916.721.3
2014133633.731.036.6
2024144833.430.336.8
Current psychological therapy200712779.78.211.6
2014133611.89.814.1
2024144516.213.819.0
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201413367.15.78.9
2024144910.68.313.3
Any community care/day care in past year2007127618.016.020.3
2014133620.318.022.8
2024144522.419.725.3
Secondary MH service use in past quarter200712754.13.15.5
201413373.52.44.9
202414472.51.73.6
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care200712776.14.97.5
201413377.15.88.6
202414497.66.29.4
Men aged 16+
Any current mental health treatment200741921.917.926.6
201440436.431.441.7
202448344.038.050.2
Current MH medication200741917.113.721.2
201440433.028.138.4
202448635.430.041.1
Current psychological therapy200742111.08.014.9
201440412.59.116.9
202448316.412.022.0
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20144056.64.49.7
202448611.57.617.1
Any community care/day care in past year200742117.414.021.5
201440422.118.026.8
202448524.319.529.9
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20074205.93.79.2
20144054.22.37.4
20244863.62.16.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20074215.83.88.8
20144058.36.111.2
20244868.96.112.7
Women aged 16+
Any current mental health treatment200785124.621.528.0
201493239.836.243.4
202496044.940.549.3
Current MH medication200785119.917.123.1
201493234.130.837.6
202496132.128.436.0
Current psychological therapy20078569.07.111.3
201493211.49.214.0
202496116.213.119.8
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20149317.55.89.5
20249629.87.313.0
Any community care/day care in past year200785518.415.821.4
201493219.216.722.0
202495921.318.124.8
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20078553.12.14.5
20149323.02.04.6
20249601.81.22.8
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20078566.24.87.9
20149326.34.98.1
20249626.95.38.9

1.C.4. Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with ADHD (ASRS4+) in receipt of mental health treatment and services (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearN%Lower CIUpper CI
All aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+)
Any current mental health treatment200758320.217.123.8
201470834.330.338.6
202489437.833.542.2
Current MH medication200758316.313.619.5
201470831.527.735.6
202489727.924.231.8
Current psychological therapy20075889.97.512.9
201470710.17.812.8
202489412.39.615.7
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20147087.85.910.3
202489710.78.213.8
Any community care/day care in past year200758817.514.720.7
201470820.317.024.0
202489319.716.523.3
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20075873.22.15.0
20147082.51.54.2
20248961.91.23.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20075886.64.89.0
20147087.85.910.2
20248977.15.59.3
Men aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+)
Any current mental health treatment200726117.413.122.7
201428028.422.734.8
202433432.025.439.5
Current MH medication200726114.310.619.0
201428026.220.832.4
202433524.018.430.6
Current psychological therapy20072639.46.313.8
20142799.56.513.6
202433411.87.518.1
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20142805.53.48.7
202433510.76.916.2
Any community care/day care in past year200726316.913.121.6
201428020.615.926.2
202433519.614.525.9
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20072623.61.96.6
20142800.90.32.9
20243342.51.34.8
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20072635.33.28.8
20142807.75.211.2
20243357.95.012.4
Women aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+)
Any current mental health treatment200732223.218.628.5
201442840.335.245.6
202456042.637.447.9
Current MH medication200732218.514.223.7
201442836.932.142.1
202456231.026.436.2
Current psychological therapy200732510.37.214.5
201442810.67.714.5
202456012.79.716.5
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201442810.27.214.2
202456210.77.714.7
Any community care/day care in past year200732518.113.923.1
201442820.016.324.4
202455819.716.124.0
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20073252.91.65.1
20144284.12.47.0
20245621.50.82.7
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20073258.05.411.7
20144287.85.411.3
20245626.54.78.9

1.C.5 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with ADHD traits (ASRS6) in receipt of mental health treatment and services (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearn%Lower CIUpper CI
All aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6)
Any current mental health treatment20073934.421.150.7
20144421.511.836.1
202411648.936.761.2
Current MH medication20073930.518.146.4
20144421.511.836.1
202411637.827.050.0
Current psychological therapy20073930.317.846.5
2014442.40.510.1
202411613.88.122.4
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20144414.96.729.8
202411614.47.127.0
Any community care/day care in past year20073930.218.345.6
20144419.78.838.6
202411523.414.535.6
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007393.91.112.1
2014442.80.611.1
20241162.50.96.7
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20073912.74.829.3
20144410.54.622.2
202411612.37.419.7
Men aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6)*
Any current mental health treatment20071937.319.359.6
20142122.38.945.8
20243635.118.356.6
Current MH medication20071932.316.353.9
20142122.38.945.8
20243622.710.143.4
Current psychological therapy20071932.215.954.2
2014212.70.320.5
20243614.65.533.3
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20142113.04.134.6
2024366.22.017.6
Any community care/day care in past year20071929.414.650.4
20142127.59.657.7
20243613.96.128.5
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007192.70.319.5
2014212.30.316.6
2024361.40.36.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care2007194.70.629.8
20142111.83.831.5
20243611.85.224.6
Women aged 16+ screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6)*
Any current mental health treatment20072030.512.158.1
20142320.68.741.5
20248056.941.970.8
Current MH medication20072027.810.456.3
20142320.68.741.5
20248046.732.461.5
Current psychological therapy20072027.610.256.1
2014231.90.214.3
20248013.37.223.2
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20142317.05.342.7
20248019.28.836.9
Any community care/day care in past year20072031.413.557.1
20142310.93.628.6
20247929.117.045.0
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007205.41.221.8
2014233.30.422.5
2024803.20.910.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20072023.97.953.6
2014239.12.527.9
20248012.66.722.4

1.C.6 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+) in receipt of mental health treatment and services (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearN%Lower CIUpper CI
All aged 16+ screening positive for autism (AQ8+)
Any current mental health treatment200779315.513.118.3
2014100422.019.225.1
2024118727.323.831.0
Current MH medication200779311.69.514.0
2014100420.117.423.1
2024119121.318.324.6
Current psychological therapy20077996.85.19.0
201410036.65.08.6
202411889.17.311.4
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201410043.52.54.8
202411926.24.58.4
Any community care/day care in past year200779812.210.114.6
2014100414.212.016.7
2024119011.79.714.1
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20077982.51.63.9
201410041.50.82.9
202411921.20.72.2
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20077995.03.76.7
201410044.93.76.4
202411915.03.96.3
Men aged 16+ screening positive for autism (AQ8+)
Any current mental health treatment200743410.98.314.3
201452415.512.319.4
202458820.916.626.0
Current MH medication20074347.85.710.6
201452413.910.917.7
202459116.613.021.0
Current psychological therapy20074355.93.98.9
20145235.23.38.1
20245887.34.710.9
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20145242.21.23.7
20245913.51.96.2
Any community care/day care in past year20074349.87.412.9
201452410.48.013.5
202459110.27.413.9
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20074342.11.04.1
20145241.20.43.7
20245911.40.63.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20074354.22.66.7
20145243.82.65.5
20245913.72.45.4
Women aged 16+ screening positive for autism (AQ8+)
Any current mental health treatment200735922.317.827.6
201448031.326.936.2
202459735.830.741.2
Current MH medication200735917.213.421.8
201448028.924.633.6
202459827.522.932.7
Current psychological therapy20073648.15.312.2
20144808.56.211.6
202459811.78.915.2
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20144805.33.77.7
20245999.56.313.9
Any community care/day care in past year200736415.611.920.1
201448019.516.023.6
202459713.910.817.7
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20073643.21.95.4
20144802.01.04.0
20245991.00.52.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20073646.34.39.0
20144806.54.69.2
20245986.94.89.8

1.C.8 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) with each condition in receipt of mental health treatment and services, by age group (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearN%Lower CIUpper CI
CMD – aged 16-24
Any current mental health treatment200711014.79.123.1
201411721.414.630.2
20248844.431.757.8
Current MH medication20071109.04.716.5
201411713.38.720.0
20248827.917.741.0
Current psychological therapy20071128.94.915.6
201411711.66.320.3
20248813.16.225.3
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20141177.03.413.9
20248818.610.431.1
Any community care/day care in past year200711215.810.323.3
201411719.112.228.5
20248716.59.327.5
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20071115.11.912.6
20141173.51.39.1
2024880.90.16.2
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20071124.41.910.1
20141172.30.77.9
2024886.22.514.7
CMD – aged 25-64
Any current mental health treatment200794525.823.128.7
201499142.439.145.9
2024104948.044.151.9
Current MH medication200794520.718.323.4
201499137.834.541.2
2024105236.833.140.6
Current psychological therapy200794911.19.213.4
201499013.111.015.6
2024104919.316.522.4
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20149908.16.310.3
2024105210.17.813.1
Any community care/day care in past year200794918.315.821.2
201499020.017.422.8
2024104923.620.427.1
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20079484.23.15.7
20149913.72.55.5
202410512.81.84.3
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20079496.45.18.2
20149918.46.810.3
202410528.06.410.0
CMD – aged 65+
Any current mental health treatment200721521.616.028.4
201422837.430.545.0
202430727.521.734.2
Current MH medication200721520.214.926.8
201422835.929.043.3
202430823.017.629.4
Current psychological therapy20072162.61.16.0
20142295.02.78.9
20243084.42.38.1
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20142292.30.95.7
20243093.11.56.0
Any community care/day care in past year200721519.114.325.0
201422923.418.529.2
202430923.418.229.4
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20072162.41.05.7
20142292.10.94.7
20243082.61.25.7
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20072165.82.911.3
20142295.53.29.4
20243097.44.811.0
ADHD (ASRS 4+) – aged 16-24
Any current mental health treatment2007808.64.216.8
20148717.210.327.2
20248127.617.241.1
Current MH medication2007805.12.111.7
20148711.96.919.7
20248115.68.427.0
Current psychological therapy2007816.93.114.8
2014877.73.316.8
2024816.32.415.6
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year2014876.12.812.8
20248115.48.227.2
Any community care/day care in past year2007818.74.317.1
20148715.78.926.2
20247912.86.623.6
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007811.20.28.1
2014871.80.56.1
2024810.90.16.4
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care2007814.91.912.3
2014871.40.35.9
2024816.32.515.1
ADHD (ASRS 4+) – aged 25-64
Any current mental health treatment200742325.521.430.0
201453439.634.944.5
202469641.136.445.9
Current MH medication200742320.917.225.1
201453437.633.042.5
202469931.227.035.7
Current psychological therapy200742512.49.316.3
201453311.28.714.3
202469615.412.119.5
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20145349.16.712.2
202469910.17.613.2
Any community care/day care in past year200742520.516.824.8
201453420.917.125.2
202469721.817.926.2
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20074244.32.76.7
20145343.01.75.3
20246992.21.43.6
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20074257.35.210.1
201453410.17.613.3
20246997.35.49.7
ADHD (ASRS 4+) – aged 65+
Any current mental health treatment20078012.76.922.0
20148733.623.545.6
202411639.428.052.2
Current MH medication20078012.76.922.0
20148730.020.242.0
202411636.325.149.2
Current psychological therapy2007820.0
2014876.72.914.9
20241160.60.14.5
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year2014871.90.312.5
20241160.80.15.3
Any community care/day care in past year20078218.211.328.0
20148726.918.337.8
202411621.814.531.4
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007821.50.210.1
2014870.0
20241152.50.87.9
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care2007826.22.017.3
2014874.41.710.7
20241168.74.715.7
Autism traits screen positive (AQ 8+) – aged 16-24
Any current mental health treatment20076514.67.925.5
201411410.56.416.8
20249923.514.635.6
Current MH medication2007657.63.416.0
20141149.05.115.1
20249916.79.427.9
Current psychological therapy2007669.64.419.9
20141145.12.410.4
2024994.81.812.4
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20141145.32.510.7
2024999.64.618.8
Any community care/day care in past year20076613.06.923.1
201411417.311.026.2
2024976.33.211.9
Secondary MH service use in past quarter2007660.0
20141141.10.34.5
2024990.70.15.1
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care2007663.00.89.8
20141141.70.55.3
2024993.81.78.2
Autism screen positive (AQ 8+) – aged 25-64
Any current mental health treatment200747917.914.721.6
201463226.722.930.8
202480832.028.336.1
Current MH medication200747913.711.017.0
201463224.620.928.6
202481225.422.029.0
Current psychological therapy20074818.05.711.3
20146317.85.710.7
202480812.49.915.3
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20146323.52.45.1
20248126.24.58.6
Any community care/day care in past year200748112.29.615.4
201463213.410.916.3
202481213.410.816.6
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20074803.92.56.0
20146322.00.94.3
20248121.60.83.0
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20074815.94.28.3
20146326.64.98.9
20248115.74.27.6
Autism traits screen positive (AQ 8+) – aged 65+
Any current mental health treatment20072499.86.414.6
201425818.713.824.9
202427811.48.015.9
Current MH medication20072498.45.312.9
201425816.912.322.9
202427810.06.814.4
Current psychological therapy20072521.90.75.2
20142583.92.07.7
20242791.00.42.6
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20142581.40.44.4
20242790.30.11.2
Any community care/day care in past year200725111.68.216.1
201425813.39.618.3
202427912.59.117.0
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20072520.50.13.4
20142580.50.11.8
20242790.40.12.7
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20072524.02.07.8
20142582.71.45.2
20242793.92.26.8

1.C.9 Proportion of adults (aged 16+) in receipt of mental health treatment and services, by number of types of co-occurring conditions (2007-2024)

Treatment and service useYearN%Lower CIUpper CI
No conditions
Any current mental health treatment200748543.63.14.2
201432146.05.26.9
202436687.26.18.5
Current MH medication200748543.02.63.6
201432145.34.66.2
202436705.54.66.6
Current psychological therapy200748620.90.61.2
201432140.80.51.2
202436681.81.32.6
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201432130.40.20.8
202436700.80.51.3
Any community care/day care in past year200748615.14.45.8
201432143.93.24.7
202436694.73.95.6
Secondary MH service use in past quarter200748550.30.20.6
201432100.20.10.5
202436650.10.00.3
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care200748621.00.71.3
201432140.70.51.1
202436700.70.51.1
One condition
Any current mental health treatment2007144010.89.312.6
2014109717.515.319.9
2024127318.115.521.2
Current MH medication200714409.07.610.5
2014109713.811.916.1
2024127512.010.014.4
Current psychological therapy200714413.12.34.3
201410974.93.66.7
202412737.35.69.6
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201410972.71.84.1
202412751.71.02.9
Any community care/day care in past year200714397.96.69.4
201410968.36.610.3
202412758.16.610.0
Secondary MH service use in past quarter200714410.70.41.4
201410971.00.51.9
202412710.90.51.6
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care200714412.61.93.5
201410971.40.92.3
202412742.31.53.4
Two conditions
Any current mental health treatment200742122.018.026.6
201443528.924.234.1
202457935.129.940.6
Current MH medication200742116.913.221.4
201443525.321.130.0
202458028.323.433.8
Current psychological therapy20074238.05.711.0
20144358.96.112.9
20245809.97.612.8
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year20144355.53.68.2
20245816.53.811.0
Any community care/day care in past year200742317.514.021.6
201443516.513.120.5
202458014.211.217.9
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20074233.82.16.8
20144352.81.55.0
20245810.80.31.9
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care20074236.44.58.9
20144355.13.27.8
20245814.63.16.8
Three or more conditions
Any current mental health treatment200725433.628.039.7
201428748.442.254.6
202437851.544.058.9
Current MH medication200725424.919.830.8
201428744.939.050.9
202438138.131.944.7
Current psychological therapy200725720.415.726.2
201428718.413.824.2
202437819.114.025.6
Requested but not received MH treatment in past year201428712.18.516.9
202438116.412.221.7
Any community care/day care in past year200725727.222.033.1
201428728.122.634.3
202437824.118.930.3
Secondary MH service use in past quarter20072568.55.512.9
20142875.12.69.8
20243813.31.76.2
Ever admitted to a ward specialising in mental health care200725711.98.316.8
201428713.39.718.0
202438112.49.515.9

1.C.10 Proportion of adults (16+) reporting being on a waiting list for mental health treatment by condition or number of types of condition (2024)

Currently on a waiting list for MH treatmentN%Lower CIUpper CI
CMD
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment14494.93.37.1
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis14482.31.14.6
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy14481.20.62.3
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy1449---
Waiting list for social skills training1449---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy14490.0
Waiting list for sex therapy14490.10.00.2
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy14490.20.10.6
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling1448---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling14491.20.62.0
Waiting list for another type of therapy14490.60.31.4
ADHD traits (ASRS4+)
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment8973.72.45.5
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis8960.80.31.9
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy8960.90.42.3
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy897---
Waiting list for social skills training897---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy8970.0
Waiting list for sex therapy8970.10.00.4
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy8970.20.10.9
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling896---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling8971.40.72.6
Waiting list for another type of therapy8970.80.31.9
ADHD traits (ASRS6)
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment1164.01.79.0
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis1160.20.01.1
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy1161.30.35.2
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy116---
Waiting list for social skills training116---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy1160.0
Waiting list for sex therapy1160.0
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy1161.00.17.0
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling116---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling1161.50.45.2
Waiting list for another type of therapy1160.0
Autistic traits (AQ8+)
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment11922.81.64.7
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis11911.00.33.2
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy11911.10.52.2
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy1192---
Waiting list for social skills training1192---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy11920.0
Waiting list for sex therapy11920.10.00.3
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy11920.10.00.3
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling1191---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling11920.70.31.5
Waiting list for another type of therapy11920.50.21.2
0 conditions
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment36700.10.00.4
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis36700.0
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy36700.00.00.0
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy3670---
Waiting list for social skills training3670---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy36700.0
Waiting list for sex therapy36700.0
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy36700.0
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling3670---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling36700.10.00.4
Waiting list for another type of therapy36700.00.00.2
1 type of condition
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment12750.90.42.3
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis12750.60.22.2
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy12750.10.00.5
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy1275---
Waiting list for social skills training1275---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy12750.0
Waiting list for sex therapy12750.0
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy12750.0
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling1275---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling12750.20.10.6
Waiting list for another type of therapy12750.0
2 types of condition
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment5814.42.19.1
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis5812.60.88.2
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy5810.80.32.5
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy581---
Waiting list for social skills training581---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy5810.0
Waiting list for sex therapy5810.0
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy5810.20.01.6
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling581---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling5810.70.31.9
Waiting list for another type of therapy5810.40.12.1
3+ types of condition
Currently on a waiting list for any MH treatment3816.13.89.6
Waiting list for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis3801.20.43.1
Waiting list for cognitive behavioural therapy3802.61.15.9
Waiting list for art, music or drama therapy381---
Waiting list for social skills training381---
Waiting list for couple or family therapy3810.0
Waiting list for sex therapy3810.10.00.4
Waiting list for mindfulness therapy3810.30.10.9
Waiting list for alcohol or drug counselling380---
Waiting list for counselling, including bereavement counselling3811.90.84.3
Waiting list for another type of therapy3811.30.53.6

1.C.11 Proportion of men and women (16+) reporting being on a waiting list for mental health treatment by condition (2024)

Currently on a waiting list for MH treatmentN%Lower CIUpper CI
CMD
All with CMD14494.93.37.1
-Men4865.22.79.7
-Women9624.42.77.2
-16-24886.01.916.9
-25-6410525.23.57.8
-65+3091.70.64.7
ADHD (ASRS4+)
All scoring 4+8973.72.45.5
-Men3353.61.86.8
-Women5623.82.36.1
-16-24812.70.88.5
-25-646994.42.96.6
-65+1160.0
ADHD (ASRS6)
All scoring 61164.01.79.0
-Men365.11.416.8
-Women803.31.010.1
Autistic traits (AQ8+)
All scoring 8+11922.81.64.7
-Men5911.50.73.4
-Women5994.12.08.2
-16-24994.21.213.8
-25-648122.91.84.7
-65+2790.0

1.C.12 Treatment provider type among adults (16+) with CMD, ADHD traits, autistic traits in receipt of psychology therapy (2024)

Condition
Overalln%Lower CIUpper CI
NHS12433.023.843.7
Private provider12340.530.950.8
Charity/third sector5111.87.218.8
Employer/employee helpline175.43.09.7
School/college/university62.80.79.9
Other255.42.511.4
CMDn%Lower CIUpper CI
NHS9436.322.452.9
Private provider6133.219.949.8
Charity/third sector4114.97.826.5
Employer/employee helpline146.92.915.9
School/college/university43.60.521.2
Other166.05.07.2
ADHD (ASRS 4+)n%Lower CIUpper CI
NHS5140.828.854.0
Private provider3626.419.634.5
Charity/third sector1914.610.519.8
Employer/employee helpline42.21.92.6
School/college/university36.53.113.2
Other98.06.99.4
ADHD (AQ8+)n%Lower CIUpper CI
NHS5142.516.573.5
Private provider3329.011.256.8
Charity/third sector2317.310.726.7
Employer/employee helpline42.90.711.9
School/college/university24.33.25.8
Other107.25.49.7
200720142024
VariableAORLCIUCIpORLCIUCIpORLCIUCIp
SexMaleRef1.0001.0001.000
Female1.7211.4242.0800.0001.5981.3551.8830.0001.8001.4632.2140.000
Age group16-24Ref1.0001.0001.000
25-641.5391.0582.2390.0241.8411.3022.6040.0011.6571.0612.5900.027
65-950.9940.6511.5170.9761.0100.5551.8380.9730.6250.3731.0470.074
EthnicityWhite BritishRef1.0001.0001.000
White Other0.7480.5121.0920.1320.5900.3910.8900.0121.0600.6951.6170.788
Black/African/Caribbean /Black British (2014 & 2024) Black (2007)0.5750.3171.0420.0680.2150.1150.4040.0000.3440.1770.6700.002
Asian/Asian British (2014 and 2024) South Asian (Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi) (2007)0.5410.2931.0000.0500.4920.3310.7320.0010.4020.2030.7970.009
Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups/Other ethnic groups (2014 & 2024) Mixed or other (2007)0.6260.3671.0700.0860.6860.4111.1440.1480.5690.2541.2770.171
Sexual orientationHeterosexualRef1.0001.0001.000
Sexual minority1.7821.2752.4920.0011.6501.1262.4180.0101.4370.9152.2550.115
Not applicable (65+ in 2014)1.1960.7621.8780.435
Employment statusEmployedRef1.0001.0001.000
Non-employed0.8680.4421.7040.6790.9300.5781.4980.7650.9200.4192.0190.835
Economically inactive1.3501.1131.6370.0021.8021.5022.1620.0001.3561.0461.7560.021
Housing tenureOwner-occupierRef1.0001.0001.000
Private or other renter1.0480.7981.3760.7361.1130.8961.3830.3320.9670.7111.3160.832
Social renter1.2430.9691.5950.0871.0790.8781.3260.4681.3330.9891.7970.059
IMDLeast deprivedRef1.0001.0001.000
Q21.0020.7721.2990.9901.1960.9481.5090.1311.0500.7451.4800.780
Q31.0190.7841.3230.8881.1840.9321.5030.1661.0160.7151.4430.929
Q40.9690.7251.2940.8301.2000.9441.5260.1360.8590.5961.2380.413
Most deprived1.0350.7861.3630.8051.2850.9861.6760.0640.9850.7131.3620.929
Marital statusMarried/civil partnered/cohabitingRef1.0001.0001.000
Single0.9800.7621.2620.8781.0920.8451.4110.4991.4391.1261.8400.004
Widowed1.5411.1702.0300.0021.2470.9531.6320.1071.0270.7401.4270.872
Divorced/separated1.9461.4972.5280.0001.5171.2301.8700.0001.4791.0842.0170.014
CIS-R score1.1341.1211.1460.0001.1471.1341.1600.0001.1311.1161.1460.000
Delays or waits in past 12 months with:
OverallCategoryn%Lower CIUpper CI
…getting an assessment or review of your symptomsReceived: <6 weeks4920.916.526.0
Received: 6-9 weeks155.92.413.9
Received: 10 weeks-6 months1910.83.032.4
Received: >6 months2912.56.423.0
Still waiting: <6 weeks175.72.711.6
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks104.02.46.7
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months289.54.618.6
Still waiting: >6 months6430.721.142.3
…getting medication prescribed – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks8953.235.969.7
Received: 6-9 weeks1613.92.056.1
Received: 10 weeks-6 months86.04.87.6
Received: >6 months64.53.55.6
Still waiting: <6 weeks108.36.510.4
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks63.93.14.9
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months41.30.35.0
Still waiting: >6 months209.06.412.7
…getting other MH services or support – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks1114.36.229.7
Received: 6-9 weeks65.42.99.8
Received: 10 weeks-6 months65.82.313.7
Received: >6 months74.71.911.0
Still waiting: <6 weeks1111.78.915.1
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks911.33.232.7
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months1212.711.314.2
Still waiting: >6 months3834.217.456.2
…getting talking therapy – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks1812.37.020.8
Received: 6-9 weeks64.22.27.8
Received: 10 weeks-6 months168.05.711.2
Received: >6 months2212.29.815.1
Still waiting: <6 weeks1411.16.617.9
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks102.91.65.3
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months1819.212.528.2
Still waiting: >6 months5630.023.038.1
Received: <6 weeks1812.37.020.8
…getting a referral to a specialist – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks2714.16.727.3
Received: 6-9 weeks187.23.614.0
Received: 10 weeks-6 months226.43.212.4
Received: >6 months5927.219.336.9
Still waiting: <6 weeks137.85.311.3
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks124.42.77.2
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months248.55.413.1
Still waiting: >6 months5924.415.037.1
Received: <6 weeks2714.16.727.3
Delays or waits in past 12 months with:
OverallCategoryn%Lower CIUpper CI
…getting an assessment or review of your symptomsReceived: <6 weeks2414.610.919.2
Received: 6-9 weeks74.90.727.5
Received: 10 weeks-6 months1312.17.219.7
Received: >6 months2212.04.230.1
Still waiting: <6 weeks136.44.110.0
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks53.11.94.8
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months166.03.211.0
Still waiting: >6 months5640.931.251.5
…getting medication prescribed – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks5141.734.849.0
Received: 6-9 weeks1116.611.922.8
Received: 10 weeks-6 months75.45.15.7
Received: >6 months44.84.55.1
Still waiting: <6 weeks811.611.012.4
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks55.85.56.2
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months10.50.50.5
Still waiting: >6 months1813.512.714.3
…getting other MH services or support – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks814.99.023.7
Received: 6-9 weeks33.92.46.3
Received: 10 weeks-6 months58.20.0100.0
Received: >6 months66.74.110.8
Still waiting: <6 weeks55.10.099.8
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks611.46.918.3
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months814.78.923.5
Still waiting: >6 months2735.120.353.5
…getting talking therapy – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks108.87.810.0
Received: 6-9 weeks55.12.410.4
Received: 10 weeks-6 months114.61.910.6
Received: >6 months1811.610.313.1
Still waiting: <6 weeks1112.88.818.4
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks72.61.16.4
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months1622.813.935.0
Still waiting: >6 months4531.623.241.4
…getting a referral to a specialist – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks136.84.79.8
Received: 6-9 weeks139.12.825.6
Received: 10 weeks-6 months156.73.413.1
Received: >6 months3730.016.747.7
Still waiting: <6 weeks75.43.58.2
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks84.52.19.6
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months179.07.011.6
Still waiting: >6 months4328.414.248.8
Received: <6 weeks136.84.79.8

1.C.16 Proportion of adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 4+) reporting delays or waits for mental health treatment over the past 12 months (2024)

Delays or waits in past 12 months with:
OverallCategoryn%Lower CIUpper CI
…getting an assessment or review of your symptoms – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks1212.38.018.5
Received: 6-9 weeks44.93.96.2
Received: 10 weeks-6 months1014.68.025.2
Received: >6 months149.57.511.9
Still waiting: <6 weeks64.23.35.3
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks12.72.13.4
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months138.21.633.7
Still waiting: >6 months4443.525.263.8
…getting medication prescribed – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks3245.628.763.6
Received: 6-9 weeks918.012.725.0
Received: 10 weeks-6 months53.83.54.2
Received: >6 months34.84.45.2
Still waiting: <6 weeks66.45.87.0
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks45.55.16.1
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months10.60.60.7
Still waiting: >6 months1715.25.933.8
…getting other MH services or support – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks516.1xx
Received: 6-9 weeks11.2xx
Received: 10 weeks-6 months34.5xx
Received: >6 months49.1xx
Still waiting: <6 weeks22.0xx
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks315.6xx
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months23.5xx
Still waiting: >6 months2047.9xx
…getting talking therapy – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks69.97.313.3
Received: 6-9 weeks14.33.25.8
Received: 10 weeks-6 months97.75.710.4
Received: >6 months98.66.311.5
Still waiting: <6 weeks77.45.49.9
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks32.11.62.9
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months1122.116.129.4
Still waiting: >6 months3638.021.657.6
…getting a referral to a specialist – and length of waitReceived: <6 weeks98.15.711.4
Received: 6-9 weeks87.63.615.5
Received: 10 weeks-6 months96.96.47.4
Received: >6 months2833.112.663.0
Still waiting: <6 weeks34.01.410.7
Still waiting: 6-9 weeks24.44.14.7
Still waiting: 10 weeks-6 months98.43.717.8
Still waiting: >6 months3127.58.461.0

Results 1.D.1 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2007) Unweighted tetrachoric correlation coefficients

Unweighted tetrachoric correlation coefficients
CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)Autistic traits (AQ 8+)Alcohol depend. (AUDIT 16+)ASPD (SCID-II)BPD (SCID-II)Drug depen. (1+ signs)EatingProblem gambling (DSM)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (TSQ)Suicide attempt (ever)
disorder
(SCOFF
2+)
CMD1
ADHD0.5983791
Autistic traits (AQ8+)0.3382310.3650271
Alcohol dependence0.3792250.3800770.2342461
ASPD0.3927390.4480290.2261690.5970401
BPD0.7013210.5996390.4302220.5544560.5966941
Drug dependence (1+)0.3161160.3341980.1674470.4597660.6228650.4665591
Eating disorder0.4417140.2904710.2124240.2508810.2082880.5713920.2510851
Gambling harm0.3040240.3159270.3840250.3741280.3921450.4871520.3358180.1981181
Psychotic disorder0.5114350.3654540.3310800.3407410.3339530.5071870.3764440.3965900.2330311
PTSD0.6984970.5330830.2927190.3207440.4374470.5860650.3416580.3404990.2768130.5033301
Suicide attempt0.5368690.4103700.2386520.3828750.4772100.6270610.3702990.3198250.3187420.6198910.4943921
Non-suicidal self-harm0.5045690.4913090.2827540.4826230.5385100.6584980.5481190.4690620.3116820.5976890.4653350.678574
Survey-weighted tetrachoric correlation coefficients estimated using the polychoric package in Stata
CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)Autistic traits (AQ 8+)Alcohol Depend. (AUDIT 16+)ASPD (SCID-II)BPD (SCID-II)Drug depen. (1+ signs)EatingProblem gambling (DSM)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (TSQ)Suicide attempt (ever)
disorder
(SCOFF
2+)
CMD1
ADHD0.565891
Autistic traits (AQ8+)0.329950.3584341
Alcohol dependence0.3782090.4035720.2554821
ASPD0.3708710.4243660.2195050.6018011
BPD0.6755910.5980450.4298120.6033220.5889871
Drug dependence (1+)0.3078020.2988590.1813080.4656370.6054390.4180211
Eating disorder0.4381210.2742320.2127220.273780.1904860.5868220.2740141
Gambling harm0.3159740.2763520.3643940.3220120.3369340.4371220.3559990.1269511
Psychotic disorder0.5062010.357040.3606380.3684580.3437990.5497440.3090520.3592970.3341431
PTSD0.6979580.4989570.2834710.3465710.4509290.6120090.3683820.3677510.2916610.4957181
Suicide attempt0.5213080.3721240.2259670.3514770.4627130.6109970.3729910.2397140.3903810.6501650.5046951
Non-suicidal self-harm0.4945770.4936790.3032670.5031950.544210.6617660.512720.4527860.3257570.5596120.4882050.670232

1.D.2 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2014)

CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)AutismAlcoholASPD (SCID-II)Bipolar disorder (MDQBPD (SCID-II)Drug dependenc e (1+ signs)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (PCL-CL)SAPASSuicide attempt (ever)
screendependenc
positivee (AUDIT
(AQ 8+)16+)
CMD1
ADHD0.6131281
Autistic traits0.3804100.3943101
Alcohol dependence0.3538080.3517130.2233201
ASPD0.4092090.3493050.3086070.4415021
Bipolar0.5221810.5000550.3188650.3887660.5810621
BPD0.7100630.5440220.5368760.4035350.627980.6689761
Drug dependence (1+)0.3369690.3973380.2466440.3515460.6584090.3888030.4205391
Psychotic disorder0.5524270.5340280.4736830.1881310.4632720.6018770.5966830.3763661
PTSD0.7897410.6222940.5450710.2600750.4539920.6495110.7309050.4218550.6612171
SAPAS0.6005990.5347290.5580220.2836470.5061990.5277240.7288860.356410.5589470.6635481
Suicide attempt0.6040760.4542540.3593650.3614210.4424930.5356310.6296030.4039960.6552430.5716120.5327331
Non-suicidal self-harm0.5289160.4572830.3579460.3993780.3599040.4988490.7037150.4505330.5541560.5862830.5081920.760952
CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)AutismAlcoholASPD (SCID-II)Bipolar disorder (MDQBPD (SCID-II)Drug dependenc e (1+ signs)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (PCL-CL)SAPASSuicide attempt (ever)
screendependenc
positivee (AUDIT
(AQ 8+)16+)
CMD1
ADHD0.5978471
Autistic traits0.3908180.4185941
Alcohol dependence0.3318960.3019050.1622271
ASPD0.3652430.2805550.3083390.4659991
Bipolar0.5211830.4775220.3155250.402040.5806091
BPD0.6863230.5036430.5248740.3903220.5913510.7057971
Drug dependence (1+)0.2597610.366320.2650010.3687330.6395330.278110.3989191
Psychotic disorder0.5649280.4984890.4574530.1707570.458360.5721040.5932630.3553791
PTSD0.795140.6243280.5387050.2035390.4260610.6247460.7475540.395030.7125311
SAPAS0.6051690.5289740.54950.2177140.4737260.536890.7364650.3112630.5374680.6698831
Suicide attempt0.5649990.4003390.3427980.3377040.4166360.5138130.6464110.431740.6344740.5373570.5101481
Non-suicidal self-harm0.5033010.4281610.3514950.3493020.3189810.4797690.6976190.4527420.5461330.5763070.5079310.756392

1.D.3 Co-occurring conditions among adults (16+): correlation co-efficient matrix (APMS 2024)

CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)AutismAlcoholASPD (SCID-II)Bipolar disorder (MDQ)BPD (SCID-II)DrugEatingGambling harm (PGSI)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (PCL-CL)SAPASSuicide attempt (ever)
screendepend.dependendisorder
positive(AUDITce (1+(SCOFF2
(AQ 8+)16+)signs)+impact)
CMD1
ADHD0.6698511
Autism0.4378480.4618661
Alcohol depen.0.2714420.2919950.1886051
ASPD0.4016440.3722840.2617280.2507331
Bipolar disorder0.5231070.520660.4733240.2568990.4402991
BPD0.7213990.6163080.5691890.3333830.4555360.7030591
Drug depend0.3754580.4181310.2450590.4830290.5673440.4576020.5188581
Eating disorder0.4900380.4453010.2760940.0187670.2837410.4247390.5554460.2363841
Gambling harm0.2952240.277830.1456230.3194740.3865290.4652640.4677840.3069320.2433651
Psychotic0.5442830.5050970.3453210.0808760.3591260.538330.5626960.3803720.344839NA1
disorder
PTSD0.7954140.6257820.5765690.2917390.4619710.6893670.81090.4722510.3886830.3882610.569441
SAPAS0.6228240.5697760.5888860.214020.4350560.5877910.7698130.3704570.4865690.3193130.5382210.706451
Suicide attempt0.5703410.4906310.4117290.3356730.3936590.5810440.6591990.4190910.3860220.2562370.5821490.6056640.5491531
Non-suicidal SH0.5580220.5033170.3855660.3156290.3974770.5422020.7331660.4662520.4468780.2778960.4798110.5661850.5530550.749309
CMD (CIS-R)ADHD (ASRS 4+)AutismAlcoholASPD (SCID-II)Bipolar disorder (MDQ)BPD (SCID-II)DrugEatingGambling harm (PGSI)Psychotic disorder (SCAN)PTSD (PCL-CL)SAPASSuicide attempt (ever)
screendepend.dependendisorder
positive(AUDITce (1+(SCOFF2
(AQ 8+)16+)signs)+impact)
CMD1
ADHD0.6540311
Autism0.460640.4583051
Alcohol depen.0.2851560.3516960.202281
ASPD0.3911080.3319170.2781640.1175821
Bipolar disorder0.5480040.5017070.4518220.1797710.4926361
BPD0.7402640.6376180.5742780.2525040.4502860.7089671
Drug depend.0.3744850.4462480.2943710.4830760.4894380.4938460.5069091
Eating disorder0.4945670.4096360.277512-0.182270.3037170.4422510.5846620.2662561
Gambling harm0.1531470.1993970.1673720.1728070.3856950.6346570.3943750.2675590.1004541
Psychotic0.5502450.4639250.4182680.0931420.3282720.4615120.5202290.3084390.370468NA1
disorder
PTSD0.7805740.6191490.6193190.3023830.4891610.7054670.824660.5491420.320830.3071220.5283051
SAPAS0.6081260.5478910.5941870.1521050.4670420.5905730.7990990.3707950.5044850.3096550.5506880.7261451
Suicide attempt0.5836040.4701370.4518650.3830950.4265490.621390.6121820.4587270.2866450.2949110.5728350.6167330.5495881
Non-suicidal SH0.5935570.5305340.4054490.3501330.3369990.4705260.7186480.4754720.4068620.2151080.4556610.5882730.5555270.75101

1.D.4 Among adults (16+) with a CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without CMD) for other disorders (2007-2024) For Tables 1.D.4–1.D.27, base numbers reported are survey-weighted.

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD)95% CI
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)120126.624.229.37.46.19.0
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)128131.328.334.58.16.610.0
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)139341.238.044.59.37.711.3
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)12012.51.73.612.65.727.5
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)12813.12.14.616.57.735.2
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)13937.65.610.115.48.926.7
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)117122.119.624.93.02.53.6
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)118530.627.533.83.52.94.2
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)123842.038.445.74.13.45.0
2007Alcohol depend. (AUDIT 16+)12009.47.611.54.33.25.8
2014Alcohol depend. (AUDIT 16+)12297.66.09.53.72.65.0
2024Alcohol depend. (AUDIT 16+)12565.84.27.93.12.04.7
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)10208.87114.23.15.9
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)10668.36.510.64.12.86.0
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)12155.64.27.55.03.27.9
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)11997.45.79.69.26.014.2
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)12476.95.38.910.86.517.9
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)9708.66.810.724.81347.1
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)106610.68.712.923.612.743.8
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)12158.96.811.544.817.6114.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)11938.06.110.23.32.34.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)11506.45.08.22.82.03.9
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)125312.39.815.23.92.75.5
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)11875.346.95.74.67.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)12247.15.29.77.94.414.0
2007Problem gambling (DSM)11232.01.23.24.42.19.0
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)12560.70.41.32.10.85.5
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)12021.91.32.813.26.327.6
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)12844.43.35.814.78.625.1
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)13953.82.85.013.87.525.2
2007PTSD (TSQ)116514.412.516.522.014.732.9
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)119625.022.128.235.624.751.3
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)123726.323.129.928.919.442.9
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)120340.737.643.97.76.59.2
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)121140.837.244.67.56.09.4
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)119816.014.118.37.25.79.0
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)127718.716.521.28.36.510.6
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)138020.718.123.68.66.611.1
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)119511.69.613.97.05.29.4
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)128117.915.620.56.34.98.0
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)138327.724.331.48.06.210.4

1.D.5. Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMD (CIS-R)60852.648.356.97.46.19.0
2014CMD (CIS-R)73554.649.859.38.16.610.0
2024CMD (CIS-R)96159.855.364.09.37.711.3
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)59827.223.331.53.62.94.5
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)68136.531.941.44.23.35.3
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)86545.641.050.34.33.55.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)60312.69.616.45.23.77.3
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)7008.36.211.03.52.45.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)8747.65.210.94.12.56.7
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)53112.59.7165.748.2
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)6428.05.810.93.12.14.7
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)8475.64.07.94.02.66.3
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)6898.96.412.17.85.112.1
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)8717.75.710.58.55.313.6
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)47811.48.714.815.19.623.5
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)64210.37.913.48.25.412.5
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)84710.07.413.517.510.030.8
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)6039.46.912.73.52.35.1
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)6589.87.213.34.53.06.8
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)87416.012.620.15.23.77.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)6014.42.96.83.82.85.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)8557.24.910.35.53.29.4
2007Problem gambling (DSM)5662.21.24.14.01.98.5
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)8750.90.41.92.81.07.6
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)6081.91.13.36.33.013.3
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)7355.33.87.310.36.217.1
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)9614.02.85.68.54.914.7
2007PTSD (TSQ)59013.911.117.18.05.811.0
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)68625.421.329.911.88.815.8
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)86425.221.129.810.37.614.0
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)69142.638.047.36.35.17.8
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)84542.137.447.16.24.97.9
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)60814.912.118.24.33.35.7
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)73216.713.820.14.63.56.0
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)95320.016.823.65.54.27.1
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)60715.412.319.07.55.410.4
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)73218.915.522.75.03.86.7
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)95629.024.833.76.44.98.3

1.D.6. Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMD (CIS-R)4270.451.584.212.65.727.5
2014CMD (CIS-R)5276.660.387.616.57.735.2
2024CMD (CIS-R)13478.367.686.215.48.926.7
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)4129.715.150.13.51.58.1
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)4847.929.866.55.52.611.8
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)12163.250.574.37.14.212.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)4226.812.548.310.54.226.3
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)5023.210.543.59.93.925.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)1226.93.015.32.71.16.8
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)3729.214.250.712.95.231.5
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)4925.212.344.510.44.424.2
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)1178.43.618.54.71.812.0
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)4913.55.828.68.23.220.7
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)12219.410.433.415.16.932.8
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)364122.762.247.820.2113.1
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)4924.913.042.414.86.632.9
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)11724.513.740.021.49.946.6
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)4218.07.936.06.32.515.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)4828.913.751.113.65.434.6
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)12223.213.437.05.93.011.6
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)423.91.212.21.50.63.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)11815.36.531.89.23.424.9
2007Problem gambling (DSM)371.60.211.22.30.317.3
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)1222.10.49.95.91.033.6
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)429.52.926.627.17.696.8
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)5210.34.323.012.24.831.1
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)1345.52.810.56.53.114.0
2007PTSD (TSQ)4033.018.751.317.28.236.4
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)4935.320.254.110.95.123.2
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)12140.528.553.811.66.720.3
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)4957.538.974.38.84.218.3
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)11759.246.470.98.95.215.2
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)4233.919.152.810.64.922.9
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)5115.27.428.73.21.47.0
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)13430.220.741.76.74.011.1
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)4243.127.160.622.911.246.9
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)5132.217.751.07.93.617.4
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)13444.131.657.48.55.014.4

1.D.7. Among adults (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
autistic traits)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMD (CIS-R)79032.829.636.23.02.53.6
2014CMD (CIS-R)102435.431.939.13.52.94.2
2024CMD (CIS-R)126841.037.245.04.13.45.0
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)79020.617.624.03.62.94.5
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)102424.320.828.14.23.35.3
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)126831.227.734.94.33.55.3
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)7901.50.83.03.51.58.1
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)10242.21.33.85.52.611.8
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)12686.04.48.37.14.212.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)7887.95.910.52.82.04.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)10225.34.06.91.91.42.7
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)12654.83.37.12.21.43.6
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)6906.74.89.52.51.63.7
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)8368.06.010.63.32.34.9
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)12364.33.06.23.12.04.8
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)10235.13.77.03.82.55.7
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)12685.84.47.66.74.011.2
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)6326.74.79.36.6410.7
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)8369.47.112.28.95.514.4
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)12367.25.39.712.56.324.8
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)7886.34.68.72.11.43.1
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)9956.74.89.32.91.84.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)126710.58.013.72.92.04.2
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)7893.52.25.32.11.62.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)12504.73.26.83.11.85.2
2007Problem gambling (DSM)7362.71.54.55.82.811.8
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)12680.70.31.62.30.86.4
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)7901.60.92.86.23.212.3
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)10243.12.14.48.74.915.3
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)12682.51.73.86.93.713.0
2007PTSD (TSQ)7667.35.69.53.22.34.5
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)102217.815.220.87.75.910.1
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)126220.917.524.710.37.514.1
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)102439.135.642.66.35.37.5
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)123439.535.643.57.15.78.8
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)7879.57.412.12.41.83.3
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)102213.110.915.63.52.74.5
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)126216.814.019.94.93.76.5
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)7858.96.611.73.42.34.9
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)102414.512.017.33.62.84.6
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)126421.117.924.73.82.95.1

1.D.8. Among adults (16+) without CMD or ADHD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD
or ADHD)
lowerupperOR
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)58128.37.59.2(ref)
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)557810.59.511.41.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)461413.512.115.01.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)58882.11.72.51.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)57162.11.72.61.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)46681.61.22.11.0
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)518721.62.51.0
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)43312.21.62.91.0
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)45531.10.81.51.0
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)56190.70.51.11.0
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)46530.50.30.81.0
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)50120.30.10.51.0
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)43310.50.30.91.0
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)45530.10.00.51.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)58692.31.92.91.0
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)55142.11.62.61.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)46622.82.23.71.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)58680.80.61.11.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)45850.90.51.51.0
2007Problem gambling (DSM)55560.40.30.71.0
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)46680.30.10.61.0
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)59000.20.10.31.0
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)59270.30.20.51.0
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)51270.20.10.41.0
2007PTSD (TSQ)57570.60.40.91.0
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)56130.80.61.21.0
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)46360.70.51.01.0
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)56237.36.58.21.0
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)45377.26.28.51.0
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)58962.52.13.11.0
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)59242.62.13.11.0
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)51182.72.13.31.0
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)58961.51.21.91.0
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)59243.12.63.61.0
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)51233.83.04.71.0

1.D.9. Among adults (16+) ADHD and not CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no or

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no or95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)28517.713.123.42.41.63.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)31624.919.331.42.82.04.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)36534.127.541.43.32.44.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)2858.44.714.44.32.38.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)3194.32.47.52.11.13.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)3656.53.213.04.31.99.7
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)2577.1412.43.81.97.3
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)2882.31.05.01.00.42.5
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)3582.31.05.02.10.95.0
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)3173.21.47.14.51.811.1
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)3673.01.46.46.32.515.8
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)2362.40.77.88.72.234.5
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)2881.00.25.12.10.312.5
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)3581.20.52.78.11.739.8
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)2867.24.012.63.21.76.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)3118.65.114.24.52.48.3
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)36612.47.419.94.92.69.2
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)2861.90.84.63.52.15.7
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)3611.70.64.81.90.66.3
2007Problem gambling (DSM)2670.70.23.21.60.38.0
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)3660.40.13.21.40.212.4
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)2880.01.01.01.0
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)3330.90.32.43.21.09.7
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)3871.10.52.24.91.813.5
2007PTSD (TSQ)2814.01.88.56.82.816.5
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)3162.61.16.13.11.28.0
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)3647.64.014.111.35.125.2
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)31723.418.029.93.92.75.5
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)35823.618.130.04.02.75.8
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)2884.12.27.31.60.93.1
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)3334.42.67.41.71.03.1
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)3836.83.612.42.61.35.4
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)2889.05.414.66.53.512.0
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)3338.55.512.92.91.84.8
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)38615.410.521.94.72.87.6

1.D.10 Among adults (16+) CMD and not ADHD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)85817.114.620.02.31.82.9
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)82123.520.227.02.62.13.3
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)73733.829.438.63.32.64.2
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)8816.95.39.03.52.55.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)8455.74.18.02.91.94.4
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)7474.12.37.02.61.44.9
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)7455.63.97.92.91.94.5
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)7116.24.38.83.01.84.9
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)7263.92.46.23.72.06.9
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)8274.63.16.86.63.811.5
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)7444.02.66.18.44.316.2
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)7274.73.26.917.68.138.2
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)7116.95.19.415.88.031.3
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)7263.72.45.726.76.6109.2
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)8756.74.79.53.02.04.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)8014.53.16.52.21.43.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)7467.95.611.23.01.94.8
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)8714.83.46.65.74.57.2
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)7304.42.67.45.12.410.6
2007Problem gambling (DSM)8231.40.72.93.21.38.0
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)7470.30.10.91.10.33.8
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)8811.30.82.38.53.819.1
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)8802.31.33.98.24.017.1
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)8192.11.33.49.84.421.7
2007PTSD (TSQ)85511.29.313.620.913.233.1
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)82516.213.519.222.815.433.9
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)73718.414.922.631.019.549.4
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)82732.428.936.06.14.97.4
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)72430.826.535.45.74.37.5
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)87713.010.915.45.74.47.4
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)87515.012.617.66.65.08.8
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)80815.012.118.56.44.69.0
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)8748.26.210.85.83.98.7
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)88013.611.016.75.03.66.8
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)81120.316.425.06.54.69.3

1.D.11 Among adults (16+) with both CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those with CMD or ADHD) (2007- 2024) Year Co-occurring condition Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)31335.930.142.16.24.78.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)36546.639.853.47.55.510.1
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)50154.047.960.07.55.79.8
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)31816.312.021.89.26.213.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)38111.78.415.96.24.19.4
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)5098.35.412.55.53.39.3
2007ASPD (SCID-II-SC)27417.613.123.110.56.916.2
2014ASPD (SCID-II-SC)35312.79.017.66.54.010.6
2024ASPD (SCID-II-SC)4908.15.511.78.04.713.6
2014Bipolar disorder (MDQ)37113.79.818.821.613.036.0
2024Bipolar disorder (MDQ)50411.28.015.325.313.746.7
2007BPD (SCID-II-SC)24220.115.126.389.342.2189
2014BPD (SCID-II-SC)35317.913.823.046.523.392.9
2024BPD (SCID-II-SC)49016.512.022.2137.934.6550.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)31611.37.816.15.33.38.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)34710.97.316.05.83.59.6
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)50818.714.024.47.95.112.2
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)3156.84.110.98.15.911.3
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)49411.17.516.213.77.026.6
2007Problem gambling (DSM)2983.51.86.88.33.519.7
2024Problem gambling (PGSI)5091.20.52.63.81.311.4
2007Psychotic disorder (SCAN)3203.62.06.324.09.958.2
2014Psychotic disorder (SCAN)4018.96.312.334.718.764.4
2024Psychotic disorder (SCAN)5745.94.08.528.112.762.3
2007PTSD (TSQ)30922.918.128.448.929.980.0
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)37044.838.851.096.162.6147.8
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)50038.031.944.584.353.1133.9
2014Personality disorder (SAPAS)37458.952.764.818.113.624.1
2024Personality disorder (SAPAS)48755.849.761.816.211.822.2
2007Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)32024.619.830.112.69.017.5
2014Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)39926.922.332.113.910.119.0
2024Ever attempted suicide (CIS-R)57028.824.333.814.710.820.0
2007Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)31921.116.326.817.611.826.1
2014Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)39927.522.633.012.08.716.5
2024Ever self-harmed (CIS-R)57138.332.444.615.911.422.3

1.D.12 Among men and women (16+) with a CMD, proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without CMD) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD)95% CI
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male45130.726.235.67.55.510.1
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male48336.130.741.98.76.312.1
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male52844.538.650.510.57.614.4
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female75024.221.027.78.46.311.0
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female79828.425.231.98.46.510.7
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female86339.335.443.48.76.711.3
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)Male4513.72.26.215.35.542.8
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)Male4834.32.47.721.87.563.6
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)Male5288.25.013.239.914.2111.8
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)Female7501.71.03.011.73.836.6
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)Female7982.31.44.013.44.738.7
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)Female8637.25.110.09.04.817.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male43425.721.430.52.62.03.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male44235.229.841.03.12.44.1
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male46551.945.958.04.53.46.1
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female73720.117.123.44.13.25.3
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female74327.924.431.64.83.86.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female77135.831.240.74.73.76.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male45114.210.718.64.12.86.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male45711.78.515.83.82.55.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male4758.95.813.53.41.96.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female7496.54.88.88.44.914.5
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female7725.13.67.25.43.19.2
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female7793.92.46.43.81.97.4
2014ASPDMale40713.09.417.74.12.56.8
2024ASPDMale4607.75.311.14.52.67.8
2014ASPDFemale6585.43.87.67.84.214.7
2024ASPDFemale7524.02.56.38.63.918.8
2014Bipolar disorderMale4508.25.512.27.34.013.3
2024Bipolar disorderMale4707.95.112.014.36.630.8
2014Bipolar disorderFemale7496.95.19.415.58.328.9
2024Bipolar disorderFemale7756.34.39.08.74.516.8
2014BPDMale4079.96.714.320.47.754.3
2024BPDMale4607.84.712.762.412.2318.3
2014BPDFemale65811.08.613.926.812.557.4
2024BPDFemale7529.57.112.734.711.4105.9
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male44612.69.316.94.12.76.1
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male4207.54.811.42.01.23.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male47216.111.422.33.62.26.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female7475.23.67.53.21.95.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female7305.84.47.76.43.910.6
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female7799.77.213.05.63.19.9
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male4432.21.14.26.24.19.6
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male4654.22.27.97.92.723.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female7437.25.49.54.93.86.3
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female7569.06.312.66.93.513.5
2007Problem gamblingMale4294.52.77.46.32.813.9
2024Problem gamblingMale4750.80.41.71.50.54.5
2007Problem gamblingFemale6940.40.12.12.60.416.3
2024Problem gamblingFemale7780.60.21.66.21.624.4
2007Psychotic disorderMale4511.90.93.913.13.943.7
2014Psychotic disorderMale4854.82.97.813.06.027.9
2024Psychotic disorderMale5285.33.48.115.06.534.8
2007Psychotic disorderFemale7521.91.32.913.25.233.5
2014Psychotic disorderFemale7994.13.05.818.48.739.0
2024Psychotic disorderFemale8652.82.04.115.26.734.5
2007PTSDMale43815.812.120.425.313.049.3
2014PTSDMale44925.020.130.633.719.957.0
2024PTSDMale46630.924.837.936.719.071.0
2007PTSDFemale72713.511.216.319.912.831.0
2014PTSDFemale74725.021.528.937.824.059.7
2024PTSDFemale76923.620.027.624.515.838.0
2014SAPASMale45245.940.651.29.27.112.0
2024SAPASMale45848.742.255.211.07.815.7
2014SAPASFemale75137.633.741.67.05.68.7
2024SAPASFemale75135.931.540.55.74.37.5
2007Ever attempted suicideMale44916.212.920.310.06.814.9
2014Ever attempted suicideMale48317.914.122.49.15.914.0
2024Ever attempted suicideMale52424.319.130.311.07.017.2
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale74915.913.618.65.54.27.3
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale79419.216.622.27.65.710.1
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale85418.315.521.57.05.09.8
2007Ever self-harmedMale44713.910.518.18.35.213.1
2014Ever self-harmedMale48416.812.921.77.44.811.3
2024Ever self-harmedMale52728.822.735.79.66.115.1
2007Ever self-harmedFemale74810.28.013.16.34.29.5
2014Ever self-harmedFemale79718.515.921.55.44.07.1
2024Ever self-harmedFemale85426.922.931.36.85.09.4

1.D.13 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS4+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMDMale31444.037.450.97.55.510.1
2014CMDMale36947.340.654.18.76.312.1
2024CMDMale43554.046.861.010.57.614.4
2007CMDFemale29461.855.867.58.46.311.0
2014CMDFemale36562.056.467.38.46.510.7
2024CMDFemale52664.659.069.88.76.711.3
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male30927.521.834.12.82.13.8
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male33939.032.246.33.62.65.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male39650.042.957.13.92.85.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female29026.921.932.54.93.66.5
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female34234.128.640.05.03.86.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female47041.936.048.15.13.96.8
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male31216.511.622.94.73.07.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male34811.07.415.93.22.05.2
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male39910.36.416.34.02.27.5
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female2928.45.412.76.43.611.1
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female3535.73.78.74.12.47.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female4755.22.99.44.82.310.0
2014ASPDMale3278.85.813.22.11.33.6
2024ASPDMale3896.23.810.13.01.65.4
2014ASPDFemale3157.24.511.46.73.512.7
2024ASPDFemale4595.13.18.37.93.617.2
2014Bipolar disorderMale3458.04.912.75.83.110.9
2024Bipolar disorderMale3997.54.512.19.34.419.6
2014Bipolar disorderFemale3449.76.614.210.96.019.9
2024Bipolar disorderFemale4728.05.212.17.94.214.5
2014BPDMale3277.74.712.27.33.515.2
2024BPDMale3897.34.012.918.16.748.9
2014BPDFemale31513.19.517.79.15.415.3
2024BPDFemale45912.48.817.016.98.832.5
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male31213.69.619.04.12.66.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male32613.18.719.24.42.57.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male40020.714.628.55.33.28.9
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female2914.82.68.72.31.14.5
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female3336.64.210.54.82.59.2
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female47412.18.716.45.73.49.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male3111.30.43.94.12.56.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male3933.71.77.85.21.814.9
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female2907.84.912.14.02.95.5
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female46210.16.715.05.42.910.2
2007Problem gamblingMale2934.12.17.64.41.910.1
2024Problem gamblingMale4010.90.32.61.80.56.7
2007Problem gamblingFemale2720.20.01.61.10.19.0
2024Problem gamblingFemale4730.80.32.56.51.626.4
2007Psychotic disorderMale3141.20.43.94.31.116.9
2014Psychotic disorderMale3695.13.28.210.75.022.8
2024Psychotic disorderMale4354.52.57.77.33.316.0
2007Psychotic disorderFemale2942.61.44.88.23.420.2
2014Psychotic disorderFemale3655.43.67.99.95.318.7
2024Psychotic disorderFemale5263.52.35.310.85.421.7
2007PTSDMale30614.710.719.911.67.019.2
2014PTSDMale34321.616.228.312.67.919.9
2024PTSDMale39626.519.734.713.28.121.8
2007PTSDFemale28412.99.617.15.93.98.9
2014PTSDFemale34329.123.535.411.68.116.5
2024PTSDFemale46824.019.629.28.45.912.0
2014SAPASMale34642.835.950.06.84.99.4
2024SAPASMale38743.335.950.97.04.910.1
2014SAPASFemale34542.436.548.45.94.57.7
2024SAPASFemale45841.235.247.45.74.27.7
2007Ever attempted suicideMale31412.59.017.24.93.17.6
2014Ever attempted suicideMale36814.510.519.75.13.28.1
2024Ever attempted suicideMale43122.116.429.17.14.511.1
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale29417.413.322.44.12.95.9
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale36418.915.123.44.43.25.9
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale52218.214.922.14.43.26.1
2007Ever self-harmedMale31414.310.119.96.94.311.1
2014Ever self-harmedMale36817.112.423.16.44.010.1
2024Ever self-harmedMale43426.519.834.56.64.110.5
2007Ever self-harmedFemale29316.512.022.28.25.212.8
2014Ever self-harmedFemale36420.616.525.54.33.26.0
2024Ever self-harmedFemale52231.126.036.86.24.68.5

1.D.14 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS6), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMDMale2567.941.386.515.35.542.8
2014CMDMale2775.950.590.721.87.563.6
2024CMDMale4987.370.795.139.914.2111.8
2007CMDFemale1774.046.390.411.73.836.6
2014CMDFemale2477.453.091.313.44.738.7
2024CMDFemale8573.158.883.89.04.817.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male2331.311.162.53.00.910.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male2555.926.881.46.11.919.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male4673.349.188.78.93.225.1
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female1727.611.552.84.11.511.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female2339.318.365.25.01.813.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female7557.041.071.77.13.713.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male2533.612.763.79.73.031.7
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male2732.511.763.811.03.237.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male4611.23.331.53.30.912.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female1717.24.050.810.92.350.6
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female2312.44.231.07.82.623.8
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female764.41.313.22.70.89.3
2014ASPDMale2617.75.345.14.31.215.3
2024ASPDMale455.90.833.92.30.318.2
2014ASPDFemale2333.613.562.132.010.399.4
2024ASPDFemale7210.04.122.39.83.726.1
2014Bipolar disorderMale2619.56.446.111.93.540.7
2024Bipolar disorderMale4612.13.435.08.62.134.2
2014Bipolar disorderFemale236.91.526.14.10.918.3
2024Bipolar disorderFemale7623.811.842.219.68.048.3
2014BPDMale2621.77.449.016.14.754.8
2024BPDMale4520.86.748.725.17.188.3
2014BPDFemale2328.511.854.214.45.141.1
2024BPDFemale7226.813.047.318.66.949.7
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male2523.18.150.66.52.020.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male2623.75.960.77.21.633.2
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male4628.511.654.65.81.917.4
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female1710.92.140.75.11.025.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female2235.114.164.130.69.697.6
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female7620.09.138.37.12.818.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male250N/A
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male451.20.29.11.10.18.8
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female179.42.628.44.11.114.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female7323.910.645.511.24.031.5
2007Problem gamblingMale222.70.319.32.20.317.6
2024Problem gamblingMale461.20.18.82.10.317.9
2007Problem gamblingFemale150.0N/A
2024Problem gamblingFemale762.60.416.715.92.0129.6
2007Psychotic disorderMale2511.62.342.345.38.1254.3
2014Psychotic disorderMale2714.84.837.520.05.869.1
2024Psychotic disorderMale495.41.716.05.31.518.3
2007Psychotic disorderFemale176.51.425.514.52.874.5
2014Psychotic disorderFemale245.21.121.55.51.225.4
2024Psychotic disorderFemale855.52.312.48.33.221.3
2007PTSD (TSQ)Male2540.219.764.827.810.474.5
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Male2628.211.055.49.73.328.8
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Male4643.222.266.913.85.335.9
2007PTSD (TSQ)Female1521.77.747.88.42.825.7
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Female2343.221.168.412.84.834.3
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Female7538.924.855.010.25.220.0
2014SAPASMale2661.831.685.011.03.435.7
2024SAPASMale4566.442.584.112.84.833.8
2014SAPASFemale2352.829.674.87.02.817.5
2024SAPASFemale7254.838.769.97.13.714.0
2007Ever attempted suicideMale2519.15.947.26.31.822.5
2014Ever attempted suicideMale2610.93.429.82.70.89.1
2024Ever attempted suicideMale4933.016.156.08.03.220.3
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale1754.829.877.620.57.555.9
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale2419.97.642.83.71.310.5
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale8528.517.942.26.03.211.1
2007Ever self-harmedMale2540.219.565.120.67.655.9
2014Ever self-harmedMale2628.49.659.68.72.431.2
2024Ever self-harmedMale4935.217.158.86.62.617.0
2007Ever self-harmedFemale1747.223.472.326.69.177.5
2014Ever self-harmedFemale2436.317.360.97.73.020.2
2024Ever self-harmedFemale8549.334.963.99.45.117.3

1.D.15 Among men and women (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ8+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) for other disorders (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
autistic traits)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007CMDMale47023.719.528.52.62.03.4
2014CMDMale60325.821.630.53.12.44.1
2024CMDMale73233.028.138.34.53.46.1
2007CMDFemale32046.240.751.84.13.25.3
2014CMDFemale42149.244.054.34.83.86.0
2024CMDFemale53251.946.657.24.73.76.0
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male47018.114.522.32.82.13.8
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male60321.917.726.83.62.65.0
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)Male73227.122.532.23.92.85.4
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female32024.319.829.54.93.66.5
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female42127.723.132.85.03.86.7
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)Female53237.031.742.65.13.96.8
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)Male4701.60.64.13.00.910.0
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)Male6032.31.14.76.11.919.7
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)Male7324.62.58.28.93.225.1
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)Female3201.50.73.34.11.511.2
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)Female4212.21.04.85.01.813.7
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)Female5328.15.611.67.13.713.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male4689.76.813.62.31.53.5
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male6015.94.28.21.41.02.2
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male7306.44.010.22.21.24.1
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female3205.22.99.13.31.76.3
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female4214.42.77.12.81.65.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female5322.71.64.51.70.93.3
2014ASPDMale4869.16.312.92.41.53.8
2024ASPDMale7154.12.46.91.91.13.3
2014ASPDFemale3506.54.010.26.03.211.3
2024ASPDFemale5184.22.56.85.62.811.5
2014Bipolar disorderMale6024.73.07.33.21.75.9
2024Bipolar disorderMale7325.03.27.77.53.416.3
2014Bipolar disorderFemale4215.73.59.04.62.58.4
2024Bipolar disorderFemale5326.94.89.96.73.413.0
2014BPDMale4866.34.09.87.83.418.0
2024BPDMale7154.52.67.714.24.941.8
2014BPDFemale35013.69.918.411.06.419.0
2024BPDFemale51810.97.715.314.16.232.2
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male4686.54.39.81.61.02.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male5877.85.111.82.31.34.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male73111.07.515.92.11.33.5
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female3206.03.410.43.01.65.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female4095.13.18.23.61.96.8
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female5329.66.613.73.92.27.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male4691.40.63.23.11.95.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male7242.00.94.32.40.86.8
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female3196.5410.52.11.43.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female5228.45.512.74.12.27.7
2007Problem gamblingMale4333.62.06.44.31.99.4
2024Problem gamblingMale7320.70.22.11.30.35.1
2007Problem gamblingFemale3021.30.44.411.82.556.0
2024Problem gamblingFemale5320.70.22.25.91.523.9
2007Psychotic disorderMale4701.20.53.16.51.823.2
2014Psychotic disorderMale6032.21.23.89.63.824.4
2024Psychotic disorderMale7323.11.85.19.53.922.7
2007Psychotic disorderFemale3202.21.14.16.83.214.8
2014Psychotic disorderFemale4214.42.96.79.44.618.9
2024Psychotic disorderFemale5321.91.03.44.52.010.2
2007PTSD (TSQ)Male4545.33.38.42.51.54.3
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Male60113.010.116.77.34.811.4
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Male72918.013.623.511.56.919.1
2007PTSD (TSQ)Female31210.27.114.44.32.76.8
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Female42124.620.029.89.36.613.1
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Female53024.920.330.110.67.315.4
2014SAPASMale60336.431.641.46.55.08.5
2024SAPASMale71235.630.341.27.15.29.9
2014SAPASFemale42142.937.648.46.65.28.4
2024SAPASFemale51844.739.150.47.65.710.2
2007Ever attempted suicideMale4706.54.39.52.11.33.3
2014Ever attempted suicideMale60310.67.814.23.72.45.7
2024Ever attempted suicideMale72815.811.920.85.73.69.0
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale31714.010.418.83.12.04.6
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale42016.613.420.53.82.85.1
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale53117.714.321.84.53.16.4
YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CI
lowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male292311.19.812.6
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male284613.712.215.4
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male235717.815.520.3
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female28895.44.66.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female27327.16.18.2
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female22499.17.810.5
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male29583.32.64.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male29063.22.44.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male23782.41.73.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female29300.80.51.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female28100.90.61.4
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female22820.80.51.3
2014ASPDMale22543.52.64.8
2024ASPDMale23231.81.22.5
2014ASPDFemale20780.70.41.2
2024ASPDFemale22250.40.20.8
2014Bipolar disorderMale28681.00.61.6
2024Bipolar disorderMale23740.50.31.1
2014Bipolar disorderFemale27510.50.30.8
2024Bipolar disorderFemale22720.50.20.9
2014BPDMale22540.50.21.2
2024BPDMale23230.10.00.8
2014BPDFemale20780.50.21.0
2024BPDFemale22250.20.01.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male29473.02.33.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male27893.22.44.2
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male23764.12.95.7
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female29211.71.32.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female27250.90.61.4
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female22781.51.02.2
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male29500.30.10.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male23410.50.21.3
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female29181.30.91.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female22401.30.72.3
2007Problem gamblingMale27970.70.41.3
2024Problem gamblingMale23800.50.21.2
2007Problem gamblingFemale27590.10.10.3
2024Problem gamblingFemale22800.10.00.3
2007Psychotic disorderMale29630.20.10.4
2014Psychotic disorderMale30050.30.20.6
2024Psychotic disorderMale26190.30.10.7
2007Psychotic disorderFemale29370.20.10.4
2014Psychotic disorderFemale29230.20.10.4
2024Psychotic disorderFemale25000.10.10.4
2007PTSDMale28830.50.21.0
2014PTSDMale28660.90.51.4
2024PTSDMale23660.60.41.0
2007PTSDFemale28740.70.51.1
2014PTSDFemale27470.80.51.2
2024PTSDFemale22630.80.41.4
2014SAPASMale28707.46.28.7
2024SAPASMale23156.95.58.6
2014SAPASFemale27537.36.38.4
2024SAPASFemale22177.66.09.6
2007Ever attempted suicideMale29601.81.32.5
2014Ever attempted suicideMale30042.31.63.2
2024Ever attempted suicideMale26142.41.73.3
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale29353.22.64.0
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale29202.92.33.7
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale24963.02.24.0
2007Ever self-harmedMale29601.61.12.2
2014Ever self-harmedMale30042.31.73.1
2024Ever self-harmedMale26163.42.44.9
2007Ever self-harmedFemale29351.41.02.0
2014Ever self-harmedFemale29203.93.14.8
2024Ever self-harmedFemale24994.13.15.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male292311.19.812.6
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male284613.712.215.4
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male235717.815.520.3
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female28895.44.66.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female27327.16.18.2
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female22499.17.810.5

1.D.17 Among men and women (16+) with ADHD and no CMD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Sex Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male17420.113.628.62.01.33.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male18331.823.142.02.91.84.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male19337.227.448.02.71.74.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female11213.97.823.32.81.55.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female13315.410.122.72.41.44.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female17130.722.240.74.42.87.1
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male17312.97.122.34.32.28.4
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male1845.62.711.11.80.83.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male1918.53.220.43.81.310.9
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female1121.40.35.61.80.47.8
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female1352.51.06.32.81.07.3
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female1734.41.611.45.61.817.4
2014ASPDMale1732.91.17.20.80.32.3
2024ASPDMale1912.81.07.61.60.64.7
2014ASPDFemale1151.40.35.82.00.49.7
2024ASPDFemale1671.70.55.54.31.117.7
2014Bipolar disorderMale1845.02.111.75.31.914.7
2024Bipolar disorderMale1931.50.45.52.80.612.7
2014Bipolar disorderFemale1330.70.14.71.40.211.2
2024Bipolar disorderFemale1734.81.911.410.83.434.7
2014BPDMale1731.30.29.22.90.325.5
2024BPDMale1910.50.13.34.40.370.2
2014BPDFemale1150.40.12.80.90.17.1
2024BPDFemale1671.90.75.010.91.580.2
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male17510.75.918.53.91.97.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male18013.37.622.54.72.39.3
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male19316.89.328.64.72.210.1
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female1121.80.47.71.00.24.9
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female1312.20.68.42.50.610.9
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female1737.42.718.75.31.716.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male17510.16.72.71.06.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male1930.70.14.91.30.111.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female1123.41.38.54.92.88.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female1672.90.99.52.30.69.1
2007Problem gamblingMale1630.80.15.71.10.18.7
2024Problem gamblingMale1930.80.16.21.70.215.1
2007Problem gamblingFemale1050.60.14.04.10.534.6
2024Problem gamblingFemale1730.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorderMale1760.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorderMale1951.20.43.93.61.013.9
2024Psychotic disorderMale2001.20.53.34.11.115.8
2007Psychotic disorderFemale1120.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorderFemale1390.40.13.01.90.215.1
2024Psychotic disorderFemale1860.90.32.66.71.628.7
2007PTSD (TSQ)Male1725.22.112.611.73.539.3
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Male1832.60.79.33.00.712.4
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Male1938.02.721.213.34.044.0
2007PTSD (TSQ)Female1092.00.66.22.70.89.5
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Female1332.50.96.83.31.19.8
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Female1717.13.812.99.53.823.9
2014SAPASMale18424.717.433.94.12.56.7
2024SAPASMale19120.113.429.13.42.05.7
2014SAPASFemale13321.615.429.53.52.35.5
2024SAPASFemale16727.520.036.44.62.87.6
2007Ever attempted suicideMale1763.11.27.61.70.64.6
2014Ever attempted suicideMale1953.31.38.31.50.54.1
2024Ever attempted suicideMale1978.93.719.94.01.510.8
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale1125.72.512.51.80.74.3
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale1386.03.310.72.11.14.2
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale1854.52.38.61.50.73.4
2007Ever self-harmedMale1767.83.815.35.32.312.2
2014Ever self-harmedMale1958.64.516.04.01.98.6
2024Ever self-harmedMale20012.25.923.63.91.69.4
2007Ever self-harmedFemale11211.05.221.68.53.620.1
2014Ever self-harmedFemale1398.34.814.22.31.24.2
2024Ever self-harmedFemale18518.712.427.25.43.19.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male17420.113.628.62.01.33.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male18331.823.142.02.91.84.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male19337.227.448.02.71.74.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female11213.97.823.32.81.55.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female13315.410.122.72.41.44.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female17130.722.240.74.42.87.1

1.D.18 Among men and women (16+) with CMD and no ADHD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Sex Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male29920.515.826.32.11.43.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male28728.522.635.22.51.83.5
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male26244.036.651.73.62.65.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female55915.312.318.83.12.34.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female53320.817.224.93.42.64.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female47327.922.733.83.92.85.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male31211.27.516.23.72.35.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male2918.85.513.82.91.65.2
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male2676.52.714.52.81.17.4
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female5694.63.16.76.03.210.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female5544.12.66.54.62.48.8
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female4772.81.45.33.51.57.9
2014ASPDMale25211.57.217.93.61.96.7
2024ASPDMale2636.33.511.03.71.88.0
2014ASPDFemale4593.21.95.24.72.310.0
2024ASPDFemale4602.10.84.95.31.716.6
2014Bipolar disorderMale2906.53.511.77.03.115.9
2024Bipolar disorderMale2653.91.97.97.62.820.5
2014Bipolar disorderFemale5383.62.16.07.93.916.2
2024Bipolar disorderFemale4764.12.37.09.23.822.5
2014BPDMale2527.03.912.115.75.247.9
2024BPDMale2633.31.57.331.33.7263.6
2014BPDFemale4596.94.710.116.06.937.2
2024BPDFemale4604.02.46.622.83.7142.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male30910.56.716.03.82.26.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male2734.72.68.31.50.82.9
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male2669.75.416.92.51.25.2
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female5664.73.07.32.91.75.0
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female5284.42.86.85.12.89.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female4776.54.110.24.62.58.5
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male3072.315.15.43.38.8
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male2662.40.96.54.61.118.3
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female5646.14.38.75.03.86.6
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female4625.63.110.04.51.910.7
2007Problem gamblingMale2992.91.36.44.01.411.1
2024Problem gamblingMale2670.60.22.11.20.35.5
2007Problem gamblingFemale5250.50.12.83.90.624.6
2024Problem gamblingFemale4780.20.00.91.90.311.0
2007Psychotic disorderMale3121.50.63.99.82.537.7
2014Psychotic disorderMale3092.20.76.36.61.823.5
2024Psychotic disorderMale2933.62.06.512.44.335.6
2007Psychotic disorderFemale5691.20.62.37.93.020.8
2014Psychotic disorderFemale5712.31.34.210.64.226.5
2024Psychotic disorderFemale5241.30.72.69.63.031.0
2007PTSDMale30310.97.316.026.010.763.0
2014PTSDMale29014.810.620.319.610.636.2
2024PTSDMale26320.714.528.539.922.072.3
2007PTSDFemale55211.48.814.617.410.628.5
2014PTSDFemale53616.913.720.725.415.541.6
2024PTSDFemale47217.213.222.325.813.250.5
2014SAPASMale29035.729.942.07.05.19.7
2024SAPASMale26235.828.344.17.55.011.4
2014SAPASFemale53830.526.435.15.64.37.2
2024SAPASFemale46027.522.633.14.63.26.7
2007Ever attempted suicideMale31112.59.117.17.74.812.3
2014Ever attempted suicideMale30712.68.917.66.23.710.3
2024Ever attempted suicideMale28917.111.524.88.54.815.0
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale56613.210.716.24.53.36.2
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale56816.213.319.66.54.69.2
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale51613.510.417.35.03.37.6
2007Ever self-harmedMale30910.06.814.47.04.012.2
2014Ever self-harmedMale30911.47.616.85.53.29.4
2024Ever self-harmedMale29320.914.229.57.44.113.4
2007Ever self-harmedFemale5667.24.910.45.33.19.0
2014Ever self-harmedFemale57114.711.818.34.33.06.1
2024Ever self-harmedFemale51619.715.324.95.73.78.8
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male29920.515.826.32.11.43.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male28728.522.635.22.51.83.5
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male26244.036.651.73.62.65.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female55915.312.318.83.12.34.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female53320.817.224.93.42.64.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female47327.922.733.83.92.85.3

1.D.19 Among men and women (16+) with CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Sex Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD

YearCo-occurring conditionSexBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male13537.127.747.64.73.17.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male15547.637.158.25.73.69.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male20362.352.770.97.65.011.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female17835.028.342.49.46.613.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female21045.938.353.611.17.915.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female29848.440.656.39.46.613.4
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male13821.014.030.37.74.613.1
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male16417.010.925.46.23.510.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Male20812.17.219.65.63.010.7
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female17912.78.119.518.19.135.7
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female2187.64.612.38.94.617.5
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)Female3015.72.711.57.43.018.0
2014ASPDMale15415.59.923.55.02.79.2
2024ASPDMale1989.65.516.25.93.011.9
2014ASPDFemale20010.56.417.017.07.836.9
2024ASPDFemale2927.14.111.919.27.748.3
2014Bipolar disorderMale16011.46.519.313.16.128.1
2024Bipolar disorderMale20513.27.921.228.511.570.6
2014Bipolar disorderFemale21115.410.422.238.818.780.6
2024Bipolar disorderFemale2989.86.115.523.410.154.2
2014BPDMale15414.88.724.136.612.0111.5
2024BPDMale19813.97.424.4148.418.51188.7
2014BPDFemale20020.414.827.355.023.5128.8
2024BPDFemale29218.313.025.2124.320.6749.6
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male13717.411.325.86.93.812.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male14612.76.822.74.42.09.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Male20624.416.135.17.54.114.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female1796.73.412.74.21.99.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female2019.55.815.411.75.823.7
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)Female30114.79.821.611.56.022.2
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male1371.80.56.210.25.718.4
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Male1996.62.914.313.03.745.8
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female17810.66.217.37.04.810.2
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)Female29514.29.121.412.65.728.0
2007Problem gamblingMale1318.14.215.111.84.630.4
2024Problem gamblingMale2081.00.42.82.10.57.7
2007Problem gamblingFemale1680.0N/A
2024Problem gamblingFemale3011.30.43.811.82.654.1
2007Psychotic disorderMale1382.80.88.718.23.984.2
2014Psychotic disorderMale1759.55.615.631.413.473.3
2024Psychotic disorderMale2357.23.913.025.58.477.1
2007Psychotic disorderFemale1824.22.37.728.69.585.7
2014Psychotic disorderFemale2278.45.612.440.718.191.9
2024Psychotic disorderFemale3395.03.27.738.213.1111.5
2007PTSD (TSQ)Male13526.819.336.077.732.9183.3
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Male16043.533.853.887.146.2164.1
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Male20244.333.355.8121.564.8227.9
2007PTSD (TSQ)Female17419.814.526.433.319.257.7
2014PTSD (PCL-CL)Female21145.837.754.0105.359.7185.7
2024PTSD (PCL-CL)Female29733.827.740.463.132.8121.6
2014SAPASMale16163.653.272.822.013.835.0
2024SAPASMale19665.955.574.926.015.444.1
2014SAPASFemale21355.347.263.115.811.122.4
2024SAPASFemale29149.141.556.711.77.917.4
2007Ever attempted suicideMale13824.617.333.617.510.329.6
2014Ever attempted suicideMale17427.119.836.016.09.127.9
2024Ever attempted suicideMale23433.124.643.020.412.034.7
2007Ever attempted suicideFemale18224.618.831.59.76.514.6
2014Ever attempted suicideFemale22626.821.233.312.28.417.8
2024Ever attempted suicideFemale33725.821.131.211.27.417.1
2007Ever self-harmedMale13822.615.631.618.410.332.8
2014Ever self-harmedMale17426.618.936.115.58.926.9
2024Ever self-harmedMale23438.828.650.017.810.031.6
2007Ever self-harmedFemale18119.914.127.417.110.228.8
2014Ever self-harmedFemale22628.222.235.09.86.714.2
2024Ever self-harmedFemale33738.031.245.314.49.521.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male13537.127.747.64.73.17.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male15547.637.158.25.73.69.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Male20362.352.770.97.65.011.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female17835.028.342.49.46.613.4
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female21045.938.353.611.17.915.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)Female29848.440.656.39.46.613.4

1.D.20 Among adults (16+) with CMD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without CMD) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
CMD)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2418336.126.946.55.73.210.0
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6487125.522.828.47.35.99.2
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+14721.716.827.512.07.918.2
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2420135.927.245.75.23.18.9
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6491333.029.336.88.56.610.9
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+16816.812.122.78.45.213.4
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2423257.145.068.48.34.316.0
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6497241.938.345.68.77.010.8
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+18918.013.024.310.26.216.7
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)16-241833.51.29.86.91.335.4
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)25-648712.51.73.813.65.632.6
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1470.60.14.51.01.01.0
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)16-242018.53.917.625.95.2129.2
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)25-649132.41.63.710.84.824.5
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1680.30.01.81.01.01.0
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)16-2423215.27.727.914.83.956.6
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)25-649726.95.29.113.27.323.9
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1891.40.63.218.03.593.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2418120.013.229.02.41.44.3
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6485622.019.225.23.52.84.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+13525.719.533.12.41.73.5
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2419944.534.155.45.23.18.7
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6485228.625.432.03.42.84.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+13522.616.630.12.11.43.2
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2420960.946.873.34.92.59.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6487440.736.944.64.03.34.9
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+15624.018.330.82.51.73.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-2418218.111.826.85.82.712.5
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-648718.97.111.13.72.75.1
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1471.50.64.12.10.67.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241999.54.917.63.41.38.7
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-648797.96.310.03.22.34.6
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1512.61.16.05.01.714.5
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-242123.10.713.42.00.217.3
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-648856.95.09.63.01.94.8
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1593.01.27.23.01.18.1
2014ASPD16-2419911.76.619.73.91.79.0
2014ASPD25-648677.55.89.84.22.76.5
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-242073.61.48.94.50.540.1
2024ASPD25-648506.74.99.24.92.98.2
2024ASPD65+1581.90.65.43.10.811.3
2014Bipolar disorder16-2419911.97.119.49.43.723.7
2014Bipolar disorder25-648637.45.510.08.14.913.5
2014Bipolar disorder65+1370.90.23.45.30.833.5
2024Bipolar disorder16-242125.41.815.17.01.239.7
2024Bipolar disorder25-648788.06.010.611.56.620.1
2024Bipolar disorder65+1572.71.06.96.41.527.3
2014BPD16-2419920.813.930.011.65.126.5
2014BPD25-648678.26.410.481.533.6197.6
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-2420722.213.434.638.27.1205.5
2024BPD25-648507.25.49.539.314.3108.2
2024BPD65+1580.40.11.61.01.01.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2418121.013.431.22.91.65.4
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-648686.55.08.53.42.35.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1440.30.02.30.80.17.4
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2419412.57.121.11.80.93.7
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-648216.04.67.73.02.04.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1350.30.02.41.60.214.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2421216.99.827.62.41.05.7
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6488313.310.417.04.02.75.9
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1590.20.01.20.30.02.1
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-241819.3516.65.33.19.1
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-6486353.76.85.44.36.9
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1435.93.210.77.13.216.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-2420718.610.431.27.52.423.1
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-648585.33.87.36.03.310.9
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1591.90.75.047.45.2433.3
2007Problem gambling16-241741.20.28.41.10.19.5
2007Problem gambling25-648142.41.54.17.13.116.5
2007Problem gambling65+1360.0N/A
2024Problem gambling16-242120.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-648851.00.51.82.50.96.9
2024Problem gambling65+1590.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-241830.70.23.11.01.01.0
2007Psychotic disorder25-648722.51.73.713.25.930.0
2007Psychotic disorder65+1470.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder16-242014.21.89.71.01.01.0
2014Psychotic disorder25-649155.03.76.813.67.325.2
2014Psychotic disorder65+1681.00.42.73.61.012.5
2024Psychotic disorder16-242321.10.24.66.00.570.3
2024Psychotic disorder25-649744.93.66.713.87.027.2
2024Psychotic disorder65+1891.00.32.79.92.341.9
2007PTSD16-2418018.311.827.412.95.231.7
2007PTSD25-6484514.912.817.324.515.638.5
2007PTSD65+1416.03.410.324.57.877.1
2014PTSD16-2419940.931.551.044.320.197.8
2014PTSD25-6486023.920.627.534.022.351.9
2014PTSD65+1379.25.714.517.27.340.2
2024PTSD16-2421235.523.649.511.84.630.4
2024PTSD25-6487026.923.430.735.923.754.3
2024PTSD65+15510.97.316.0224.946.91079.4
2014SAPAS16-2419956.747.165.87.84.912.4
2014SAPAS25-6486739.235.742.97.76.39.5
2014SAPAS65+13726.420.034.06.03.99.3
2024SAPAS16-2420758.845.071.47.83.815.9
2024SAPAS25-6484739.735.543.96.75.28.7
2024SAPAS65+15723.418.329.58.35.412.7
2007Ever attempted suicide16-2418120.113.229.37.43.715.0
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6487116.614.519.06.75.28.6
2007Ever attempted suicide65+1477.64.612.56.63.512.2
2014Ever attempted suicide16-2420119.813.628.06.13.112.1
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6490920.117.423.18.46.311.2
2014Ever attempted suicide65+1679.86.813.98.04.314.7
2024Ever attempted suicide16-2422818.111.327.84.01.79.3
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6496423.920.627.510.17.713.3
2024Ever attempted suicide65+1887.65.011.44.52.58.1
2007Ever self-harmed16-2418128.120.237.77.64.014.3
2007Ever self-harmed25-6486710.18.212.56.34.49.2
2007Ever self-harmed65+1470.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-2420132.124.041.54.62.77.6
2014Ever self-harmed25-6491217.414.920.46.65.08.7
2014Ever self-harmed65+1673.41.66.87.42.720.3
2024Ever self-harmed16-2422852.338.865.59.34.319.9
2024Ever self-harmed25-6496626.923.330.87.05.49.1
2024Ever self-harmed65+1892.41.14.93.71.59.0

1.D.21 Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 4+) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007CMD16-2414445.834.158.05.73.210.0
2007CMD25-6440355.150.060.07.35.99.2
2007CMD65+6052.842.363.012.07.918.2
2014CMD16-2415646.434.758.55.23.18.9
2014CMD25-6451658.353.063.48.56.610.9
2014CMD65+6344.934.056.48.45.213.4
2024CMD16-2422559.046.570.48.34.316.0
2024CMD25-6467260.756.165.08.77.010.8
2024CMD65+6353.742.264.910.26.216.7
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2414424.416.135.23.21.85.7
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6439927.723.033.04.23.25.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+5631.020.444.13.01.75.3
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2415345.434.057.44.82.78.3
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6447834.129.239.34.03.15.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+4932.421.745.33.42.05.9
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2420961.347.873.35.02.69.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6460441.737.146.43.62.94.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+5228.518.840.62.91.75.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-2414419.411.730.45.72.811.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6439911.48.315.54.12.86.1
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+604.11.510.86.31.921.1
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241517.63.117.52.20.76.4
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-644979.27.012.13.42.35.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+531.70.211.02.30.317.8
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-242098.12.721.61.01.01.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-646117.85.411.03.11.95.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+543.30.520.22.90.420.9
2014ASPD16-2415310.55.319.82.91.27.0
2014ASPD25-644897.25.110.13.12.04.8
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-242063.21.28.43.40.524.8
2024ASPD25-645886.94.89.94.02.46.5
2024ASPD65+530.80.15.21.00.17.4
2014Bipolar disorder16-241538.34.016.43.41.39.1
2014Bipolar disorder25-644869.97.013.98.65.314.1
2014Bipolar disorder65+490.0N/A
2024Bipolar disorder16-242096.62.416.815.42.980.7
2024Bipolar disorder25-646088.56.111.87.54.512.5
2024Bipolar disorder65+543.41.48.05.91.720.8
2014BPD16-2415315.48.825.64.21.99.3
2014BPD25-644898.76.312.012.07.319.9
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-2420621.112.433.422.86.283.2
2024BPD25-645887.04.99.89.55.217.2
2024BPD65+531.10.34.91.01.01.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2414417.010.027.31.91.03.7
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-644008.05.711.23.62.45.6
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+590.0N/A
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2415121.212.933.04.22.08.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-644597.04.810.03.21.95.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+480.90.16.64.70.542.4
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2420924.715.137.85.82.414.3
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6461114.410.918.83.72.55.6
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+540.50.13.60.90.17.1
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-241446.82.9152.71.54.6
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-6440042.46.53.42.54.7
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+586.42.515.35.72.016.2
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-2420613.16.524.63.01.08.6
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-645955.63.88.14.72.78.4
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+531.70.211.59.11.085.5
2007Problem gambling16-241391.50.210.71.40.112.9
2007Problem gambling25-643712.61.45.04.92.111.1
2007Problem gambling65+561.10.17.74.60.543.1
2024Problem gambling16-242090.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-646121.20.62.63.31.19.2
2024Problem gambling65+540.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-241440.50.13.46.00.496.3
2007Psychotic disorder25-644032.71.54.86.73.014.9
2007Psychotic disorder65+600.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder16-241562.81.17.16.11.135.4
2014Psychotic disorder25-645166.44.59.010.55.918.5
2014Psychotic disorder65+632.30.77.18.22.132.0
2024Psychotic disorder16-242250.0N/A
2024Psychotic disorder25-646725.53.97.89.55.317.0
2024Psychotic disorder65+631.50.44.89.82.245.0
2007PTSD16-2414110.45.219.73.01.37.2
2007PTSD25-6439316.112.720.29.26.513.2
2007PTSD65+566.72.815.111.73.836.5
2014PTSD16-2415327.217.939.16.03.111.5
2014PTSD25-6448426.822.231.913.49.718.5
2014PTSD65+495.31.616.34.41.216.2
2024PTSD16-2420930.719.644.56.72.915.9
2024PTSD25-6460224.320.129.18.96.512.3
2024PTSD65+5313.06.923.118.17.842.1
2014SAPAS16-2415345.234.056.93.62.16.2
2014SAPAS25-6448943.638.349.16.95.48.9
2014SAPAS65+4924.515.436.74.32.47.9
2024SAPAS16-2420654.141.066.65.72.811.3
2024SAPAS25-6458539.634.644.85.14.06.6
2024SAPAS65+5324.115.834.85.93.410.3
2007Ever attempted suicide16-2414411.15.720.72.21.05.1
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6440317.514.221.44.83.66.5
2007Ever attempted suicide65+606.12.514.33.71.49.4
2014Ever attempted suicide16-2415612.26.821.02.21.04.6
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6451419.215.723.24.93.76.6
2014Ever attempted suicide65+627.33.414.93.81.68.8
2024Ever attempted suicide16-2422519.311.430.94.71.911.2
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6466420.617.024.74.73.56.3
2024Ever attempted suicide65+6316.09.625.49.85.019.2
2007Ever self-harmed16-2414427.919.039.16.23.211.8
2007Ever self-harmed25-6440213.110.116.96.34.49.2
2007Ever self-harmed65+600.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-2415624.015.735.02.31.34.2
2014Ever self-harmed25-6451419.115.323.55.33.97.3
2014Ever self-harmed65+634.41.511.97.42.225.0
2024Ever self-harmed16-2422548.935.962.07.03.514.4
2024Ever self-harmed25-6466724.720.729.34.33.25.7
2024Ever self-harmed65+634.51.810.86.72.319.4

1.D.22 Among adults (16+) screening positive for ADHD (ASRS 6) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without ADHD) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007CMD16-241158.616.491.16.91.335.4
2007CMD25-643073.953.187.613.65.632.6
2007CMD65+1100.0N/A
2014CMD16-242084.747.697.125.95.2129.2
2014CMD25-643171.051.385.110.84.824.5
2014CMD65+0100.0N/A
2024CMD16-244381.652.594.714.83.956.6
2024CMD25-648777.765.986.313.27.323.9
2024CMD65+470.826.994.118.03.593.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-241128.44.178.63.20.520.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-642931.214.654.64.11.610.5
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+10.0N/A
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-242049.717.382.44.31.116.9
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-642747.227.368.15.72.513.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+00.0N/A
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-244061.829.586.23.51.012.5
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-647965.251.576.77.84.413.8
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+327.94.775.52.60.514.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241161.820.291.227.35.7131.7
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-643014.74.936.44.61.414.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+10.0N/A
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-242023.53.770.77.61.250.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-642923.310.743.48.43.420.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+00.0N/A
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-24400.0N/A
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-647910.64.722.33.51.48.7
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+30.01.01.01.0
2014ASPD16-242035.410.571.912.23.050.6
2014ASPD25-642817.86.540.47.32.421.9
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-24401.40.112.00.90.19.0
2024ASPD25-647412.55.326.85.82.215.3
2024ASPD65+30.0N/A
2014Bipolar disorder16-24204.00.430.61.20.19.6
2014Bipolar disorder25-642820.68.342.612.34.434.8
2014Bipolar disorder65+00.0N/A
2024Bipolar disorder16-244024.25.762.636.56.0222.1
2024Bipolar disorder25-647916.88.829.89.74.421.4
2024Bipolar disorder65+325.74.273.353.48.0355.7
2014BPD16-242019.54.555.64.21.018.5
2014BPD25-642828.813.950.327.211.067.3
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-244045.116.477.519.04.973.2
2024BPD25-647414.06.726.810.84.625.6
2024BPD65+313.81.268.41088.258.820137.3
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-241112.61.165.91.20.110.9
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-643020.68.342.69.43.426.1
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+10.0N/A
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-242054.920.585.215.33.763.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-64279.72.630.53.81.014.8
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+00.0N/A
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-244032.89.669.24.91.121.7
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-647919.211.031.44.02.07.9
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+30.0N/A
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-241160.545.80.40.03.7
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-64303.20.712.91.80.65.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+10.0N/A
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-244038.912.973.211.52.749.1
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-64753.41.110.61.90.66.4
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+30.0N/A
2007Problem gambling16-2490.0N/A
2007Problem gambling25-64282.10.315.03.00.423.0
2007Problem gambling65+10.0N/A
2024Problem gambling16-24400.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-64793.20.614.87.11.240.7
2024Problem gambling65+30.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-24116.00.545.894.65.21718.0
2007Psychotic disorder25-643011.12.834.523.25.4100.0
2007Psychotic disorder65+10.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder16-24204.00.430.65.50.653.8
2014Psychotic disorder25-643114.65.633.014.55.240.7
2014Psychotic disorder65+00.0N/A
2024Psychotic disorder16-24430.0N/A
2024Psychotic disorder25-64878.14.115.47.13.215.5
2024Psychotic disorder65+410.51.057.265.56.9617.9
2007PTSD16-241135.46.481.512.12.071.9
2007PTSD25-642829.915.849.213.76.230.3
2007PTSD65+1100.0N/A
2014PTSD16-242040.112.875.37.31.928.5
2014PTSD25-642832.416.454.09.13.821.7
2014PTSD65+00.0N/A
2024PTSD16-244035.211.070.54.41.117.3
2024PTSD25-647942.830.556.011.96.820.9
2024PTSD65+350.212.188.184.315.2466.0
2014SAPAS16-242064.325.090.76.51.529.0
2014SAPAS25-642853.634.271.97.53.516.0
2014SAPAS65+00.0N/A
2024SAPAS16-244078.047.093.411.33.141.4
2024SAPAS25-647448.535.262.15.43.19.4
2024SAPAS65+377.019.997.855.36.6466.2
2007Ever attempted suicide16-241124.63.574.55.10.833.6
2007Ever attempted suicide25-643038.420.859.811.65.027.0
2007Ever attempted suicide65+10.0N/A
2014Ever attempted suicide16-24207.90.847.81.10.19.3
2014Ever attempted suicide25-643020.49.937.34.01.89.0
2014Ever attempted suicide65+00.0N/A
2024Ever attempted suicide16-244321.45.755.03.20.812.1
2024Ever attempted suicide25-648634.824.147.27.04.112.0
2024Ever attempted suicide65+432.28.171.819.24.484.4
2007Ever self-harmed16-241172.622.696.029.44.6189.6
2007Ever self-harmed25-643033.518.253.316.17.037.1
2007Ever self-harmed65+10.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-242044.614.679.25.41.321.7
2014Ever self-harmed25-643024.211.643.75.32.212.6
2014Ever self-harmed65+00.0N/A
2024Ever self-harmed16-244344.517.974.63.21.010.6
2024Ever self-harmed25-648646.233.859.18.65.114.7
2024Ever self-harmed65+40.0N/A

1.D.23 Among adults (16+) screening positive for autistic traits (AQ 8+) by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those without autistic traits) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no95% CI
autistic traits)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007CMD16-2411631.121.243.12.41.44.3
2007CMD25-6448838.634.043.53.52.84.4
2007CMD65+18618.614.224.02.41.73.5
2014CMD16-2420243.834.253.85.23.18.7
2014CMD25-6463438.434.142.93.42.84.2
2014CMD65+18816.212.021.62.11.43.2
2024CMD16-2428345.033.557.14.92.59.7
2024CMD25-6481043.939.848.14.03.34.9
2024CMD65+17421.416.427.52.51.73.6
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2411630.220.641.93.21.85.7
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6448822.618.727.04.23.25.4
2007ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+1869.46.014.33.01.75.3
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2420234.425.244.94.82.78.3
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6463425.721.530.44.03.15.2
2014ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+1888.55.413.13.42.05.9
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)16-2428345.434.756.55.02.69.6
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)25-6481031.127.335.13.62.94.6
2024ADHD (ASRS 4+)65+1748.65.712.72.91.75.0
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)16-241162.70.512.83.20.520.6
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)25-644881.80.93.74.11.610.5
2007ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1860.0N/A
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)16-242025.01.912.44.31.116.9
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)25-646342.01.13.75.72.513.2
2014ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1880.0N/A
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)16-242838.73.718.93.51.012.5
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)25-648106.34.78.47.84.413.8
2024ADHD (ASRS 6)65+1740.50.11.82.60.514.6
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-2411611.85.523.42.41.05.7
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-644869.46.713.03.32.24.8
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1861.60.64.52.30.77.5
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-242023.71.58.90.80.32.4
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-646326.65.08.72.11.53.1
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1882.51.15.75.51.816.5
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-242832.60.416.51.60.215.9
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-648086.04.18.62.21.33.6
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1743.11.37.03.21.28.1
2014ASPD16-2420210.75.918.53.31.47.6
2014ASPD25-646347.15.19.93.22.14.9
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-242754.31.511.428.53.1264.0
2024ASPD25-647885.13.57.42.71.74.6
2024ASPD65+1720.80.22.71.10.34.2
2014Bipolar disorder16-242028.14.813.33.71.78.1
2014Bipolar disorder25-646335.53.78.33.62.16.1
2014Bipolar disorder65+1880.30.02.01.50.214.4
2024Bipolar disorder16-242832.81.16.91.90.310.6
2024Bipolar disorder25-648107.65.610.38.65.014.7
2024Bipolar disorder65+1742.00.94.43.81.014.6
2014BPD16-2420219.012.427.98.73.919.3
2014BPD25-646346.34.58.78.04.713.6
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-2427514.28.123.97.71.931.2
2024BPD25-647886.24.58.511.36.021.5
2024BPD65+1720.30.11.51.01.01.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2411612.96.623.71.30.62.8
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-644867.14.810.33.22.05.1
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1850.30.01.80.60.15.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2419516.39.526.53.01.46.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-646155.63.68.52.41.44.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1860.40.13.02.20.219.7
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2428316.79.527.72.71.16.7
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6480910.37.713.82.31.53.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1741.60.46.23.90.720.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-241168.23.418.21.80.93.7
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-644873.62.35.82.61.93.5
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1861.00.42.60.70.21.9
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-2428012.26.821.23.21.19.7
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-647962.91.84.41.81.03.2
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1730.70.22.83.60.622.8
2007Problem gambling16-241092.00.313.21.80.216.8
2007Problem gambling25-644513.21.75.97.13.116.0
2007Problem gambling65+1751.80.74.648.25.4426.7
2024Problem gambling16-242830.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-648101.10.52.43.11.18.9
2024Problem gambling65+1740.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-241160.60.14.27.60.5123.6
2007Psychotic disorder25-644882.41.34.26.83.314.0
2007Psychotic disorder65+1860.20.01.55.10.381.6
2014Psychotic disorder16-242022.40.96.17.50.865.9
2014Psychotic disorder25-646344.02.75.99.65.317.5
2014Psychotic disorder65+1880.80.22.44.10.919.0
2024Psychotic disorder16-242831.00.24.16.70.675.8
2024Psychotic disorder25-648103.62.35.57.73.915.2
2024Psychotic disorder65+1740.30.11.51.50.38.3
2007PTSD16-241109.33.821.12.40.86.8
2007PTSD25-644788.96.711.73.82.65.6
2007PTSD65+1781.80.74.42.50.88.1
2014PTSD16-2420229.321.139.19.55.217.7
2014PTSD25-6463218.215.121.77.35.410.0
2014PTSD65+1884.02.07.54.01.89.0
2024PTSD16-2428328.719.040.99.73.924.2
2024PTSD25-6480521.518.125.29.26.712.8
2024PTSD65+1735.33.28.77.83.517.3
2014SAPAS16-2420247.938.157.94.73.07.6
2014SAPAS25-6463442.037.946.27.56.19.2
2014SAPAS65+18819.714.925.44.02.76.1
2024SAPAS16-2427346.935.458.84.52.38.9
2024SAPAS25-6478741.837.646.27.55.99.5
2024SAPAS65+17217.112.822.55.13.27.9
2007Ever attempted suicide16-241149.64.420.01.80.74.5
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6448712.09.215.42.92.04.0
2007Ever attempted suicide65+1863.01.56.01.80.84.1
2014Ever attempted suicide16-2420211.36.618.82.21.04.5
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6463216.213.219.74.13.15.5
2014Ever attempted suicide65+1884.42.57.72.51.35.1
2024Ever attempted suicide16-2428118.110.928.66.42.218.1
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6480718.615.422.44.63.46.3
2024Ever attempted suicide65+1736.03.89.53.11.65.8
2007Ever self-harmed16-2411419.711.232.43.01.46.2
2007Ever self-harmed25-644859.77.013.44.22.76.4
2007Ever self-harmed65+1860.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-2420223.516.332.82.41.34.1
2014Ever self-harmed25-6463315.512.519.04.13.15.5
2014Ever self-harmed65+1881.20.43.52.00.66.6
2024Ever self-harmed16-2428132.121.944.32.61.35.1
2024Ever self-harmed25-6480721.418.324.83.62.74.7
2024Ever self-harmed65+1742.20.95.03.01.18.2
YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR
lowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-247818.56.211.71.0
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6438447.06.18.01.0
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+118712.110.513.91.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2476411.58.914.81.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6435339.88.611.11.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+128111.710.313.21.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2455020.113.728.61.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-64288413.311.715.11.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+117510.99.412.61.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-247852.81.64.91.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6438812.31.92.91.0
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+12220.70.41.31.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-247733.31.86.01.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6436042.41.83.11.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+13390.60.31.11.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-245510.01.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6429082.21.62.91.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+12041.00.61.71.0
2014ASPD16-247703.51.96.31.0
2014ASPD25-6435621.91.42.61.0
2014ASPD65+1.0
2024ASPD16-245331.00.16.61.0
2024ASPD25-6428221.30.92.01.0
2024ASPD65+11930.60.31.21.0
2014Bipolar disorder16-247641.60.83.11.0
2014Bipolar disorder25-6435560.80.51.21.0
2014Bipolar disorder65+12990.20.10.51.0
2024Bipolar disorder16-245510.10.00.91.0
2024Bipolar disorder25-6429000.60.31.01.0
2024Bipolar disorder65+11970.40.11.31.0
2014BPD16-247702.21.04.41.0
2014BPD25-6435620.10.00.31.0
2014BPD65+1.0
2024BPD16-245330.70.14.61.0
2024BPD25-6428220.10.00.61.0
2024BPD65+11930.01.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-247797.75.510.61.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6438721.91.42.51.0
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+12170.40.21.01.0
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-247605.83.79.01.0
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6434741.91.42.71.0
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+12800.20.10.61.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-245514.92.210.41.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6429033.32.54.51.0
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+12030.60.31.41.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-247812.41.34.61.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-6438710.70.511.0
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+12160.80.51.41.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-245382.91.17.71.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-6428450.90.51.51.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+11970.00.00.31.0
2007Problem gambling16-247401.30.53.41.0
2007Problem gambling25-6436530.30.20.71.0
2007Problem gambling65+11630.30.10.71.0
2024Problem gambling16-245510.50.13.61.0
2024Problem gambling25-6429090.40.20.81.0
2024Problem gambling65+12030.10.00.31.0
2007Psychotic disorder16-247850.01.0
2007Psychotic disorder25-6438880.20.10.41.0
2007Psychotic disorder65+12270.10.00.31.0
2014Psychotic disorder16-247800.01.0
2014Psychotic disorder25-6437160.30.20.61.0
2014Psychotic disorder65+14320.30.10.61.0
2024Psychotic disorder16-245750.20.01.51.0
2024Psychotic disorder25-6431880.30.10.61.0
2024Psychotic disorder65+13580.10.00.31.0
2007PTSD16-247581.50.63.31.0
2007PTSD25-6438100.50.30.81.0
2007PTSD65+11880.30.10.71.0
2014PTSD16-247641.40.63.01.0
2014PTSD25-6435540.80.51.21.0
2014PTSD65+12950.60.31.21.0
2024PTSD16-245512.30.86.31.0
2024PTSD25-6428890.70.51.11.0
2024PTSD65+11910.01.0
2014SAPAS16-2476413.610.417.51.0
2014SAPAS25-6435626.75.77.81.0
2014SAPAS65+12975.44.46.61.0
2024SAPAS16-2453013.58.321.11.0
2024SAPAS25-6428157.76.49.11.0
2024SAPAS65+11863.42.54.61.0
2007Ever attempted suicide16-247853.32.05.51.0
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6438852.82.23.51.0
2007Ever attempted suicide65+12261.20.81.81.0
2014Ever attempted suicide16-247784.02.46.81.0
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6437152.82.23.51.0
2014Ever attempted suicide65+14311.30.82.01.0
2024Ever attempted suicide16-245734.51.910.31.0
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6431842.82.23.41.0
2024Ever attempted suicide65+13551.71.22.51.0
2007Ever self-harmed16-247853.62.16.11.0
2007Ever self-harmed25-6438851.51.12.01.0
2007Ever self-harmed65+12260.10.00.51.0
2014Ever self-harmed16-247789.16.712.21.0
2014Ever self-harmed25-6437152.92.33.51.0
2014Ever self-harmed65+14310.30.10.71.0
2024Ever self-harmed16-245738.34.315.51.0
2024Ever self-harmed25-6431864.33.55.31.0
2024Ever self-harmed65+13560.60.31.01.0

1.D.25 Among adults (16+) with ADHD and no CMD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those with no CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-247817.17.933.02.21.05.1
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6417916.411.023.72.61.64.2
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+2827.214.545.12.71.25.9
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-248331.319.046.93.51.77.2
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6420421.815.729.42.61.74.0
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+2928.415.346.63.01.46.5
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-249248.429.068.33.71.59.5
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6424928.422.235.72.61.83.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+2338.222.357.15.12.410.7
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-247812.44.430.54.91.515.7
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-641797.63.814.43.41.67.2
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+282.50.316.53.60.528.8
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-24800.0N/A
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-642086.53.611.42.91.55.6
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+300.0N/A
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-249211.22.438.81.01.01.0
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-642485.52.910.02.61.35.4
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+240.0N/A
2014ASPD16-24831.30.29.20.40.02.9
2014ASPD25-642052.71.16.21.40.53.8
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-24890.0N/A
2024ASPD25-642453.31.57.22.61.16.3
2024ASPD65+240.0N/A
2014Bipolar disorder16-24830.0N/A
2014Bipolar disorder25-642054.92.210.76.92.717.6
2014Bipolar disorder65+290.0N/A
2024Bipolar disorder16-24924.91.020.442.33.5509.5
2024Bipolar disorder25-642512.51.15.54.21.611.2
2024Bipolar disorder65+241.60.46.53.80.624.2
2014BPD16-24832.80.418.41.30.211.1
2014BPD25-642050.20.01.62.20.218.8
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-24891.20.29.21.90.131.3
2024BPD25-642451.20.53.111.61.779.2
2024BPD65+240.0N/A
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-247814.86.331.02.10.85.6
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-641805.02.510.02.81.36.1
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+280.0N/A
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-248321.210.937.14.41.810.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-642004.72.110.12.51.06.1
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+280.0N/A
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-249225.610.749.76.71.825.1
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-642508.65.113.92.71.55.1
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+241.10.18.11.80.215.4
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-24781.50.210.92.41.05.7
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-641802.40.96.33.11.85.5
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+283.00.419.73.70.529.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-24893.20.420.81.10.110.1
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-642471.40.53.71.50.55.0
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+240.0N/A
2007Problem gambling16-24740.0N/A
2007Problem gambling25-641670.80.15.62.40.319.5
2007Problem gambling65+262.30.316.89.31.091.4
2024Problem gambling16-24920.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-642500.60.14.61.80.215.5
2024Problem gambling65+240.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-24780.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder25-641810.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder65+280.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder16-24840.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder25-642151.10.33.53.10.811.7
2014Psychotic disorder65+341.70.211.66.70.857.6
2024Psychotic disorder16-24920.0N/A
2024Psychotic disorder25-642641.50.73.25.41.816.7
2024Psychotic disorder65+290.60.14.77.50.874.0
2007PTSD16-24774.20.818.82.90.517.9
2007PTSD25-641784.51.810.98.73.124.2
2007PTSD65+260.0N/A
2014PTSD16-24833.00.712.02.20.411.5
2014PTSD25-642042.80.98.03.51.111.4
2014PTSD65+290.0N/A
2024PTSD16-249217.15.940.48.61.939.9
2024PTSD25-642484.52.38.96.62.815.4
2024PTSD65+242.80.612.31.01.01.0
2014SAPAS16-248321.511.436.71.70.83.9
2014SAPAS25-6420525.518.933.44.83.27.3
2014SAPAS65+2914.16.029.62.91.17.2
2024SAPAS16-248927.914.447.12.50.96.7
2024SAPAS25-6424523.117.529.93.62.55.4
2024SAPAS65+2411.75.024.93.71.59.5
2007Ever attempted suicide16-24782.70.417.80.80.16.2
2007Ever attempted suicide25-641814.82.59.11.70.93.6
2007Ever attempted suicide65+283.30.812.32.80.711.6
2014Ever attempted suicide16-24842.80.612.30.70.13.5
2014Ever attempted suicide25-642155.12.79.41.90.93.7
2014Ever attempted suicide65+344.00.916.43.20.714.9
2024Ever attempted suicide16-24929.51.738.52.20.316.2
2024Ever attempted suicide25-642615.93.69.72.21.23.9
2024Ever attempted suicide65+295.92.016.13.61.111.5
2007Ever self-harmed16-247817.88.433.85.72.115.4
2007Ever self-harmed25-641816.63.312.94.62.110.1
2007Ever self-harmed65+280.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-248412.15.225.81.40.53.5
2014Ever self-harmed25-642157.44.212.52.71.45.0
2014Ever self-harmed65+346.82.120.223.25.499.4
2024Ever self-harmed16-249225.010.947.53.71.112.0
2024Ever self-harmed25-6426313.39.219.03.42.25.5
2024Ever self-harmed65+293.70.914.46.51.430.9

1.D.26 Among adults (16+) with CMD and no ADHD by age (16-24, 25-64, 65+), proportion with other disorders and Or (relative to those with no CMD or ADHD) (2007-2024)

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD95% CI
or ADHD)
lowerupperlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2411612.56.223.61.50.73.4
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6463616.914.020.42.72.03.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+10623.217.030.92.21.53.3
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2412934.923.348.54.12.27.8
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6457721.618.325.42.52.03.3
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+11419.913.827.81.91.23.0
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-249247.427.468.23.61.39.6
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6451933.729.138.53.32.64.2
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65+12724.818.232.82.71.84.1
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-2411712.86.623.25.12.012.8
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-646497.05.29.33.12.24.5
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1150.40.13.00.60.14.7
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241295.82.115.01.80.56.0
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-645886.44.59.12.81.84.5
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1282.41.05.94.51.413.8
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-24950.0N/A
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-645235.22.99.42.51.25.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65+1292.31.05.42.30.86.1
2014ASPD16-241296.42.615.01.90.65.7
2014ASPD25-645826.14.19.03.41.96.0
2014ASPD65+
2024ASPD16-24901.00.17.11.00.116.5
2024ASPD25-645074.92.98.13.91.97.8
2024ASPD65+1292.00.66.53.20.813.2
2014Bipolar disorder16-241298.63.519.75.91.720.1
2014Bipolar disorder25-645824.42.86.96.13.211.6
2014Bipolar disorder65+1161.00.24.06.11.038.6
2024Bipolar disorder16-24952.40.511.019.91.6246.0
2024Bipolar disorder25-645214.72.97.68.23.917.3
2024Bipolar disorder65+1282.20.68.35.50.932.9
2014BPD16-2412915.88.726.98.53.222.6
2014BPD25-645825.03.47.250.818.8137.1
2014BPD65+
2024BPD16-24904.11.312.46.50.763.0
2024BPD25-645074.62.87.344.67.7257.2
2024BPD65+1290.0N/A
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2411621.712.335.53.31.67.2
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-646475.23.67.42.91.84.6
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1120.40.12.91.00.19.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-241257.83.416.71.40.53.6
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-645614.73.17.12.51.54.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1140.0N/A
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-24958.12.920.61.70.56.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-645229.86.614.33.21.95.3
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65+1290.20.01.50.30.02.7
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-241167.1315.85.83.110.8
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-646424.93.47.15.44.27.1
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1135.02.410.26.32.515.9
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-249015.95.737.06.21.427.6
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-645103.11.85.43.61.67.9
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65+1301.60.55.039.34.0388.4
2007Problem gambling16-241090.0N/A
2007Problem gambling25-646091.90.93.95.82.116.0
2007Problem gambling65+1050.0N/A
2024Problem gambling16-24950.0N/A
2024Problem gambling25-645230.50.21.31.40.44.9
2024Problem gambling65+1290.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-241170.60.14.31.01.01.0
2007Psychotic disorder25-646491.70.93.08.43.520.4
2007Psychotic disorder65+1150.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder16-241293.30.713.21.01.01.0
2014Psychotic disorder25-646122.41.44.37.13.116.4
2014Psychotic disorder65+1400.60.22.52.40.512.3
2024Psychotic disorder16-24992.50.510.812.31.0145.5
2024Psychotic disorder25-645642.51.54.08.93.522.7
2024Psychotic disorder65+1550.70.23.08.21.351.0
2007PTSD16-2411618.610.730.315.45.443.7
2007PTSD25-6462911.18.913.823.314.337.9
2007PTSD65+1104.32.08.916.75.055.8
2014PTSD16-2412932.722.145.535.013.789.5
2014PTSD25-6458014.011.117.520.012.432.3
2014PTSD65+1168.65.114.215.66.537.5
2024PTSD16-249528.213.350.216.44.165.0
2024PTSD25-6451519.115.423.432.819.754.8
2024PTSD65+1278.55.213.63.30.617.6
2014SAPAS16-2412947.835.560.35.83.310.3
2014SAPAS25-6458230.626.934.66.24.87.9
2014SAPAS65+11624.217.632.25.63.58.8
2024SAPAS16-249039.121.659.94.11.511.0
2024SAPAS25-6450631.826.937.15.64.17.7
2024SAPAS65+12821.015.727.47.54.711.9
2007Ever attempted suicide16-2411519.411.630.87.03.315.1
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6464812.810.515.55.13.86.9
2007Ever attempted suicide65+1147.44.212.66.63.313.0
2014Ever attempted suicide16-2412918.010.828.35.22.311.6
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6460815.612.719.06.44.69.0
2014Ever attempted suicide65+1399.56.314.18.14.215.6
2024Ever attempted suicide16-24957.02.716.91.60.45.9
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6455819.515.524.28.56.112.0
2024Ever attempted suicide65+1543.82.07.22.31.05.0
2007Ever self-harmed16-2411521.312.933.17.23.216.2
2007Ever self-harmed25-646457.35.39.95.13.28.0
2007Ever self-harmed65+1140.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed16-2412928.919.740.34.12.27.4
2014Ever self-harmed25-6461212.610.015.84.93.56.9
2014Ever self-harmed65+1393.81.78.012.43.939.3
2024Ever self-harmed16-249534.017.356.05.71.917.5
2024Ever self-harmed25-6456023.218.528.66.74.89.5
2024Ever self-harmed65+1551.70.74.53.01.08.8

1.D.27 Among adults (16-24, 25-64, 65+) with CMD and ADHD, proportion with other disorders (2007-2024) Year Co-occurring condition Age group Base % 95% Ci Or (ref: no CMD or

YearCo-occurring conditionAge groupBase%95% CIOR (ref: no CMD or95% CI
ADHD)
lowerupperORlowerupper
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-246533.119.250.85.32.411.7
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-247062.142.778.312.65.528.9
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2411771.553.484.69.94.223.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6422036.930.344.07.75.610.6
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6427443.236.350.57.05.19.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6435551.044.757.26.85.19.0
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952834.919.354.53.91.88.5
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952038.021.358.14.62.110.3
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952920.711.235.02.11.04.4
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-246527.815.644.613.45.333.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-247016.36.734.75.71.818.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241175.71.222.80.50.14.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6422114.510.020.57.04.411.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6428911.18.015.35.23.38.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-643639.46.014.24.72.78.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95325.61.617.18.42.134.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95223.90.523.87.20.957.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95306.00.832.96.10.844.5
2014ASPD16-247021.410.538.67.52.720.4
2024ASPD16-241175.72.014.86.20.757.1
2014ASPD25-6428310.57.315.06.13.710.3
2024ASPD25-643439.56.314.07.94.314.6
2014ASPD65-95
2024ASPD65-95291.40.29.72.20.317.6
2014Bipolar disorder16-247018.08.733.713.74.839.1
2024Bipolar disorder16-241177.82.125.069.56.5745.5
2014Bipolar disorder25-6428113.69.419.320.811.238.9
2024Bipolar disorder25-6435712.89.017.824.312.347.8
2014Bipolar disorder65-95200.0N/A
2024Bipolar disorder65-95304.81.613.412.22.559.9
2014BPD16-247030.217.646.619.67.352.8
2024BPD16-2411736.221.554.185.710.6693.3
2014BPD25-6428314.910.920.1169.662.5460.1
2024BPD25-6434311.17.715.6115.920.6653.4
2014BPD65-95
2024BPD65-95292.10.49.0N/A
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-246519.69.436.42.91.27.2
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-246821.29.341.54.41.612.3
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)16-2411724.013.239.76.22.118.4
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6422010.57.115.36.13.710.3
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-642598.85.913.05.02.88.8
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)25-6436118.413.325.06.64.010.9
2007Drug dependence (1+ signs)65-95310.0N/A
2014Drug dependence (1+ signs)65-95202.20.315.610.21.195.5
2024Drug dependence (1+ signs)65-95300.0N/A
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-246513.15.129.86.33.013.2
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)16-2411720.810.038.38.62.331.9
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-642205.439.47.45.110.9
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)25-643488.55.712.710.45.220.9
2007Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65-95303.20.420.312.63.842.5
2024Eating disorder (SCOFF 2+)65-95293.10.420.078.74.81300.2
2007Problem gambling16-24653.30.421.22.60.324.4
2024Problem gambling16-241170.0N/A
2007Problem gambling25-642044.12.18.113.04.934.9
2024Problem gambling25-643621.60.73.64.61.414.8
2007Problem gambling65-95300.0N/A
2024Problem gambling65-95300.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder16-24661.00.17.41.70.127.5
2014Psychotic disorder16-24726.02.315.01.90.311.1
2024Psychotic disorder16-241330.0N/A
2007Psychotic disorder25-642224.92.78.725.59.667.4
2014Psychotic disorder25-6430110.17.114.332.215.766.1
2024Psychotic disorder25-644088.15.611.731.312.578.2
2007Psychotic disorder65-95320.0N/A
2014Psychotic disorder65-95283.10.711.912.32.463.1
2024Psychotic disorder65-95342.20.58.925.44.0161.1
2007PTSD16-246517.98.135.014.64.448.2
2014PTSD16-247055.838.971.490.632.8250.4
2024PTSD16-2411741.325.159.729.48.3103.9
2007PTSD25-6421525.820.232.264.637.5111.2
2014PTSD25-6428044.437.851.298.060.6158.6
2024PTSD25-6435438.231.944.986.351.8143.8
2007PTSD65-953012.65.327.253.913.1221.2
2014PTSD65-952012.73.735.624.15.7102.1
2024PTSD65-952921.610.938.49.81.853.5
2014SAPAS16-247073.154.885.917.37.639.6
2024SAPAS16-2411774.156.586.318.46.948.8
2014SAPAS25-6428356.749.863.418.313.225.4
2024SAPAS25-6434151.444.558.212.79.017.9
2014SAPAS65-952039.222.159.511.35.025.4
2024SAPAS65-952934.320.451.514.86.931.9
2007Ever attempted suicide16-246621.110.538.07.82.920.7
2014Ever attempted suicide16-247223.112.339.27.12.917.6
2024Ever attempted suicide16-2413326.115.640.37.52.919.2
2007Ever attempted suicide25-6422227.922.434.213.59.519.2
2014Ever attempted suicide25-6429929.324.135.214.510.220.6
2024Ever attempted suicide25-6440430.024.736.015.110.721.4
2007Ever attempted suicide65-95328.73.022.27.82.623.2
2014Ever attempted suicide65-952811.24.624.99.73.427.5
2024Ever attempted suicide65-953424.713.940.019.08.442.7
2007Ever self-harmed16-246640.024.757.517.67.342.7
2014Ever self-harmed16-247237.822.655.86.12.813.1
2024Ever self-harmed16-2413365.547.180.221.07.856.5
2007Ever self-harmed25-6422118.513.724.414.79.323.2
2014Ever self-harmed25-6429927.522.133.712.98.918.5
2024Ever self-harmed25-6440432.226.438.510.67.514.9
2007Ever self-harmed65-95320.0N/A
2014Ever self-harmed65-95281.40.29.74.60.638.5
2024Ever self-harmed65-95345.31.616.09.52.536.0
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-246533.119.250.85.32.411.7
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-247062.142.778.312.65.528.9
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)16-2411771.553.484.69.94.223.6
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6422036.930.344.07.75.610.6
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6427443.236.350.57.05.19.7
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)25-6435551.044.757.26.85.19.0
2007Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952834.919.354.53.91.88.5
2014Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952038.021.358.14.62.110.3
2024Autism screen positive (AQ 8+)65-952920.711.235.02.11.04.4
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-246527.815.644.613.45.333.9
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-247016.36.734.75.71.818.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)16-241175.71.222.80.50.14.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6422114.510.020.57.04.411.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-6428911.18.015.35.23.38.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)25-643639.46.014.24.72.78.3
2007Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95325.61.617.18.42.134.2
2014Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95223.90.523.87.20.957.1
2024Alcohol dependence (AUDIT 16+)65-95306.00.832.96.10.844.5

1.D.28 Among adults (16-64) proportion with co-occurring conditions (0, 1, 2, 3+) overall, by sex and among those with CMD, ADHD (ASRS 4+), or autistic traits (AQ 8+) (2007-2024)

Co-occurring conditions2007 N2007 %2007 LB2007 UB2014 N2014 %2014 LB2014 UB2024 n2024 %2024 LB2024 UB
All 16-64
0 conditions347568.066.569.5321464.663.066.1218757.355.259.3
1 type of condition109620.919.722.1109721.320.022.689922.721.124.5
2 types of conditions3536.86.17.54358.87.99.846511.29.912.6
3+ types of conditions2424.43.85.02875.34.76.13588.87.810.0
Men 16-64
0 conditions147866.764.568.9123863.460.965.787156.453.159.6
1 type of condition48821.719.923.544722.020.124.037924.221.727.0
2 types of conditions1536.75.68.01859.27.910.818411.29.413.4
3+ types of conditions1184.94.06.01175.44.46.61378.26.710.0
Women 16-64
0 conditions199769.367.371.2197665.863.767.8131358.155.460.8
1 type of condition60820.118.321.965020.619.022.451921.319.323.5
2 types of conditions2006.85.97.82508.37.29.628111.19.513.0
3+ types of conditions1243.93.24.71705.24.46.22209.47.911.1
Among people with CMD 16-64
1 type of condition51651.147.954.345143.039.546.530030.326.834.1
2 types of conditions26626.523.829.331530.927.734.332533.729.837.8
3+ types of conditions22622.419.725.526826.123.129.433335.932.140.0
Among people ASRS4+ 16-64
1 type of condition14432.327.737.416129.425.034.213122.818.827.3
2 types of conditions16333.628.938.818933.929.338.923532.628.237.4
3+ types of conditions17434.029.938.322436.732.041.629944.639.949.4
Among people AQ8+ 16-64
1 type of condition24348.944.253.633144.540.648.635540.336.144.6
2 types of conditions12824.120.328.420228.224.432.224427.723.931.8
3+ types of conditions15227.023.131.321127.323.531.528932.027.936.4

E. Trends in associated impairment, social functioning and verbal IQ Results Proportion of people identified with each of the core conditions (CMD, ADHD traits, autism traits) to have other associated impairments, alongside comparisons with people without that condition and the total sample. The items below span a range of types of factors that provide insight into changing levels of associated functioning and impairment, for the population as a whole and for those with particular conditions (CMD, ADHD traits, autism traits).

1.E.1 Among adults (16+) with and without ADHD traits (ASRS 4+), the proportion reporting each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024)

Impairment indicatorsWhether200720072014201420242024
ADHD4+n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)
Activities of daily living (difficulty with...)
Difficulty dealing with paperworkNo6,80911.3 (10.4-12.3)6,8338.0 (7.3-8.7)6,0049.8 (8.6-10.9)
Yes58831.4 (27.6-35.3)70824.3 (20.5-28.2)89729.8 (25.7-33.8)
Difficulty getting out/about or using transportNo6,80810.0 (9.3-10.7)6,8348.8 (8.0-9.6)6,00512.1 (10.9-13.2)
Yes58818.9 (16.2-21.7)70818.9 (15.9-21.9)89726.7 (22.6-30.7)
Difficulty managing moneyNo6,8078.1 (7.4-8.9)6,8344.2 (3.6-4.8)6,0056.9 (5.9-7.9)
Yes58825.5 (21.8-29.2)70820.3 (17.1-23.5)89725.4 (21.3-29.5)
Difficulty with household activitiesNo6,80710.4 (9.7-11.2)6,8348.3 (7.6-9.1)6,00511.6 (10.4-12.7)
Yes58821.5 (18.0-25.0)70818.0 (14.9-21.0)89727.1 (23.0-31.1)
Difficulty with medical careNo6,8092.4 (2.0-2.8)6,8342.3 (1.9-2.7)6,0045.2 (4.3-6.1)
Yes5888.1 (6.0-10.2)70810.2 (7.8-12.6)89717.6 (13.9-21.4)
Difficulty with personal careNo6,8097.2 (6.6-7.8)6,8345.6 (5.0-6.2)6,0059.4 (8.3-10.5)
Yes58813.8 (11.4-16.2)70812.4 (10.0-14.8)89720.4 (16.8-24.1)
Difficulty with practical activitiesNo6,79320.9 (19.9-21.8)6,83114.8 (13.9-15.8)5,99918.5 (17.2-19.8)
Yes58831.1 (27.3-35.0)70827.0 (23.4-30.6)89229.3 (25.2-33.5)
Physical conditions
Bone, back, joint or muscle problemsNo6,79421.5 (20.4-22.6)6,83020.1 (19.0-21.2)5,99918.5 (17.3-19.8)
Yes58727.6 (23.8-31.3)70727.4 (23.6-31.2)89627.7 (24.1-31.3)
Bowel/colon problemsNo6,8024.5 (4.1-5.0)6,8315.4 (4.8-6.0)5,9995.6 (5.0-6.3)
Yes5879.3 (6.6-12.0)7088.0 (6.0-9.9)89611.1 (8.7-13.5)
Cataracts/eyesight problemsNo6,80214.9 (13.8-15.9)6,83113.8 (12.7-14.8)5,99811.5 (10.5-12.5)
Yes58815.7 (12.1-19.2)70817.4 (14.3-20.6)89614.6 (11.5-17.6)
Ear/hearing problemsNo6,8057.1 (6.4-7.8)6,8308.9 (8.2-9.6)6,0007.4 (6.7-8.1)
Yes5886.7 (4.7-8.7)7087.5 (5.2-9.7)8967.8 (5.9-9.6)
Epilepsy/fitsNo6,8060.5 (0.3-0.6)6,8310.6 (0.4-0.8)5,9990.8 (0.4-1.2)
Yes5881.3 (0.4-2.1)7081.0 (0.3-1.8)8961.5 (0.6-2.4)
Social Functioning Questionnaire
Difficulties with close relationshipsNo6,7639.6 (8.8-10.5)6,42110.3 (9.3-11.2)5,33310.8 (9.5-12.0)
Yes58229.6 (25.2-34.0)65531.9 (27.7-36.1)78636.4 (32.1-40.8)
Does not complete tasks satisfactorilyNo6,7743.8 (3.2-4.3)6,4215.2 (4.5-5.8)5,3395.9 (5.1-6.8)
Yes58326.9 (22.9-30.8)65527.9 (23.6-32.1)78829.4 (24.9-33.8)
Does not enjoy spare timeNo6,7713.8 (3.3-4.3)6,4223.3 (2.7-3.8)5,3334.6 (3.8-5.5)
Yes58013.3 (10.4-16.2)65516.4 (13.0-19.8)78713.3 (10.2-16.4)
Does not get on well with family/relativesNo6,7689.2 (8.5-10.0)6,4209.4 (8.5-10.2)5,33910.0 (9.0-11.1)
Yes58220.7 (17.2-24.2)65420.3 (16.7-23.9)79018.1 (14.6-21.7)
Feels lonely and isolatedNo6,77517.7 (16.8-18.7)6,42716.1 (15.1-17.2)5,34119.3 (17.9-20.8)
Yes58350.3 (45.7-55.0)65546.3 (42.1-50.6)79056.1 (51.4-60.8)
Finds tasks stressfulNo6,77010.7 (9.8-11.6)6,42211.5 (10.5-12.4)5,34011.9 (10.6-13.1)
Yes58334.8 (30.8-38.9)65532.3 (28.1-36.5)78841.7 (37.0-46.5)
Has money problemsNo6,7768.6 (7.8-9.4)6,4289.3 (8.4-10.2)5,3338.6 (7.5-9.6)
Yes58228.6 (24.3-32.9)65531.4 (26.9-35.8)78924.5 (20.5-28.5)
Problems in sex lifeNo6,7008.6 (7.9-9.3)6,3569.1 (8.2-9.9)5,2549.3 (8.2-10.4)
Yes58120.5 (17.1-23.8)64121.7 (18.0-25.5)77622.3 (18.5-26.2)
Verbal IQ
NART predicted verbal IQ <80No6,3258.3 (7.5-9.1)6,2289.6 (8.6-10.5)5,0596.1 (5.3-7.0)
Yes54412.4 (8.7-16.1)64716.2 (12.4-20.0)7788.2 (5.9-10.4)

1.E.2 Among adults (16+) with and without ADHD traits (ASRS 6), the proportion reporting each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024)

Impairment indicatorsWhether ASRS6200720072014201420242024
n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)
Activities of daily living (difficulty with...)
Difficulty dealing with paperwork0-57,35812.8 (11.8-13.8)7,4979.4 (8.7-10.2)6,78512.3 (11.1-13.4)
63945.4 (26.4-64.5)4429.3 (12.7-45.9)11626.0 (15.3-36.6)
Difficulty getting out/about or using transport0-57,35710.7 (9.9-11.4)7,4989.7 (9.0-10.5)6,78613.9 (12.6-15.1)
63925.2 (9.7-40.6)4421.0 (7.3-34.7)11625.6 (15.8-35.4)
Difficulty managing money0-57,3569.4 (8.6-10.2)7,4985.6 (5.0-6.3)6,7869.1 (8.0-10.2)
63940.3 (22.0-58.6)4421.8 (8.5-35.0)11628.7 (16.2-41.1)
Difficulty with household activities0-57,35611.2 (10.4-12.0)7,4989.2 (8.5-10.0)6,78613.5 (12.3-14.7)
63932.5 (17.9-47.1)4413.0 (3.3-22.6)11626.3 (16.5-36.2)
Difficulty with medical care0-57,3582.8 (2.4-3.2)7,4983.1 (2.6-3.5)6,7856.8 (5.7-7.8)
63912.1 (0.3-23.8)446.9 (-0.4-14.3)11614.8 (7.6-22.0)
Difficulty with personal care0-57,3587.7 (7.1-8.4)7,4986.2 (5.7-6.8)6,78610.7 (9.6-11.8)
63910.1 (0.9-19.3)4410.8 (1.7-19.8)11621.4 (12.4-30.4)
Difficulty with practical activities0-57,34221.6 (20.6-22.5)7,49516.0 (15.1-17.0)6,77619.9 (18.5-21.2)
63944.7 (28.2-61.3)4413.9 (4.1-23.8)11528.5 (18.4-38.7)
Physical conditions
Bone, back, joint or muscle problems0-57,34221.9 (20.9-23.0)7,49320.8 (19.6-21.9)6,77919.5 (18.3-20.7)
63928.1 (12.9-43.4)4424.5 (9.9-39.1)11635.5 (24.9-46.1)
Bowel/colon problems0-57,3504.9 (4.4-5.4)7,4955.7 (5.1-6.3)6,7796.3 (5.6-6.9)
6399.1 (0.4-17.9)443.8 (-1.6-9.3)11612.0 (5.6-18.3)
Cataracts/eyesight problems0-57,35115.0 (13.9-16.1)7,49514.1 (13.1-15.0)6,77811.8 (10.9-12.7)
6398.0 (0.3-15.7)4422.2 (5.8-38.6)11616.9 (9.3-24.4)
Ear/hearing problems0-57,3547.1 (6.4-7.8)7,4948.7 (8.1-9.4)6,7807.5 (6.8-8.2)
6394.8 (-2.0-11.6)448.6 (0.6-16.7)1167.0 (2.4-11.6)
Epilepsy/fits0-57,3550.5 (0.3-0.7)7,4950.6 (0.4-0.8)6,7790.8 (0.5-1.2)
6391.1 (-1.1-3.3)440.0 (---)1162.6 (-0.2-5.4)
Social Functioning Questionnaire
Difficulties with close relationships0-57,30611.0 (10.2-11.9)7,03512.2 (11.3-13.1)6,01913.6 (12.3-14.8)
63950.0 (31.3-68.6)4134.5 (18.3-50.7)10052.0 (37.6-66.3)
Does not complete tasks satisfactorily0-57,3185.4 (4.8-6.0)7,0357.3 (6.5-8.0)6,0268.5 (7.5-9.4)
63948.7 (31.7-65.8)4122.5 (8.5-36.5)10145.8 (31.8-59.8)
Does not enjoy spare time0-57,3124.5 (4.0-5.0)7,0364.5 (3.9-5.1)6,0195.5 (4.6-6.4)
63916.4 (3.1-29.7)4110.9 (2.3-19.5)10121.3 (10.0-32.6)
Does not get on well with family/relatives0-57,31110.0 (9.2-10.7)7,03310.2 (9.4-11.1)6,02810.9 (9.9-11.9)
63949.8 (32.7-66.9)4135.6 (17.0-54.2)10121.7 (9.6-33.8)
Feels lonely and isolated0-57,31920.1 (19.1-21.1)7,04118.9 (17.8-19.9)6,03023.7 (22.2-25.2)
63977.1 (61.6-92.5)4145.9 (28.0-63.9)10161.6 (48.1-75.1)
Finds tasks stressful0-57,31412.5 (11.6-13.4)7,03613.3 (12.3-14.3)6,02715.4 (14.1-16.6)
63944.8 (27.5-62.1)4131.6 (15.6-47.6)10149.1 (34.7-63.6)
Has money problems0-57,31910.0 (9.2-10.9)7,04211.2 (10.3-12.2)6,02110.4 (9.3-11.5)
63939.5 (21.0-58.0)4146.0 (27.3-64.8)10131.6 (19.0-44.2)
Problems in sex life0-57,2429.4 (8.7-10.2)6,95610.2 (9.3-11.0)5,93010.9 (9.8-11.9)
63939.2 (21.6-56.8)4127.4 (8.2-46.6)10024.1 (13.2-35.0)
Verbal IQ
NART predicted verbal IQ <800-56,8328.6 (7.8-9.4)6,83310.1 (9.2-11.1)5,7376.4 (5.6-7.3)
63718.4 (4.3-32.6)4223.1 (9.0-37.3)1006.2 (2.3-10.1)

1.E.4 Among adults (16+) with and without autistic traits (AQ8+), the proportion reporting each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024)

Impairment indicatorsWhether autistic200720072014201420242024
traits (AQ8+)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)
Activities of daily living (difficulty with...)
Difficulty dealing with paperworkNo6,45411.0 (10.0-11.9)6,0056.9 (6.2-7.6)4,8649.2 (7.9-10.5)
Yes79925.7 (22.2-29.2)1,00419.0 (16.0-21.9)1,19220.9 (18.0-23.8)
Difficulty getting out/about or using transportNo6,4539.5 (8.7-10.2)6,0067.6 (6.9-8.4)4,86511.3 (10.0-12.6)
Yes79917.4 (14.8-20.1)1,00415.4 (13.1-17.7)1,19219.8 (16.7-22.9)
Difficulty managing moneyNo6,4528.2 (7.5-9.0)6,0064.0 (3.4-4.5)4,8656.7 (5.5-7.9)
Yes79917.2 (14.1-20.3)1,00412.2 (9.8-14.6)1,19217.3 (14.5-20.2)
Difficulty with household activitiesNo6,45210.0 (9.2-10.8)6,0067.2 (6.5-7.9)4,86510.8 (9.6-12.0)
Yes79918.6 (15.9-21.2)1,00414.7 (12.2-17.1)1,19220.2 (17.1-23.3)
Difficulty with medical careNo6,4542.5 (2.0-2.9)6,0062.1 (1.7-2.4)4,8655.2 (4.2-6.3)
Yes7995.5 (3.7-7.3)1,0046.7 (4.9-8.6)1,19211.7 (9.3-14.1)
Difficulty with personal careNo6,4546.7 (6.0-7.3)6,0064.8 (4.3-5.4)4,8658.6 (7.4-9.8)
Yes79913.5 (11.2-15.9)1,0049.9 (8.0-11.9)1,19216.0 (13.4-18.7)
Difficulty with practical activitiesNo6,44220.1 (19.1-21.2)6,00413.3 (12.3-14.2)4,86217.4 (16.0-18.8)
Yes79730.6 (27.5-33.7)1,00422.6 (19.8-25.5)1,19024.3 (21.1-27.5)
Physical conditions
Bone, back, joint or muscle problemsNo6,44321.7 (20.6-22.8)6,00220.1 (18.9-21.3)4,86119.3 (17.9-20.6)
Yes79523.7 (20.8-26.6)1,00424.7 (21.5-28.0)1,18921.9 (18.8-24.9)
Bowel/colon problemsNo6,4484.7 (4.2-5.3)6,0035.1 (4.5-5.7)4,8616.0 (5.2-6.7)
Yes7987.1 (5.3-8.8)1,0047.8 (6.0-9.5)1,1898.5 (6.6-10.4)
Cataracts/eyesight problemsNo6,45014.4 (13.2-15.5)6,00313.6 (12.5-14.7)4,86011.3 (10.2-12.3)
Yes79718.9 (15.8-22.1)1,00415.9 (13.4-18.4)1,19014.7 (12.1-17.3)
Ear/hearing problemsNo6,4526.4 (5.7-7.1)6,0028.2 (7.5-9.0)4,8617.1 (6.4-7.9)
Yes79811.4 (8.9-13.8)1,0048.8 (7.0-10.6)1,1907.4 (5.9-9.0)
Epilepsy/fitsNo6,4530.5 (0.3-0.6)6,0030.5 (0.2-0.7)4,8600.6 (0.2-0.9)
Yes7981.0 (0.3-1.8)1,0041.3 (0.6-2.0)1,1901.8 (0.5-3.2)
Social Functioning Questionnaire
Difficulties with close relationshipsNo6,4499.2 (8.3-10.0)6,0008.8 (7.9-9.7)4,8588.3 (7.2-9.5)
Yes79828.3 (24.6-31.9)1,00333.2 (29.6-36.7)1,18837.7 (34.1-41.3)
Does not complete tasks satisfactorilyNo6,4544.4 (3.8-5.1)6,0015.3 (4.6-6.1)4,8625.9 (5.0-6.7)
Yes79914.6 (11.8-17.3)1,00418.4 (15.6-21.3)1,19121.9 (18.6-25.1)
Does not enjoy spare timeNo6,4513.6 (3.1-4.1)6,0013.0 (2.5-3.4)4,8603.8 (3.0-4.6)
Yes79812.2 (9.6-14.7)1,00413.4 (10.5-16.2)1,19013.4 (10.7-16.2)
Does not get on well with family/relativesNo6,4519.3 (8.5-10.1)6,0018.5 (7.7-9.3)4,8638.0 (7.1-8.9)
Yes79617.8 (14.8-20.9)1,00421.7 (18.5-24.8)1,19123.2 (19.7-26.7)
Feels lonely and isolatedNo6,45417.5 (16.5-18.6)6,00514.6 (13.6-15.7)4,86517.5 (16.1-18.9)
Yes79942.6 (39.1-46.2)1,00444.8 (41.4-48.2)1,19251.3 (47.2-55.4)
Finds tasks stressfulNo6,45110.6 (9.7-11.4)6,00211.3 (10.3-12.3)4,86412.3 (11.0-13.6)
Yes79930.1 (26.3-33.8)1,00426.0 (22.6-29.4)1,19030.7 (27.1-34.2)
Has money problemsNo6,4539.1 (8.3-10.0)6,0069.7 (8.8-10.7)4,8588.1 (7.0-9.2)
Yes79917.9 (15.0-20.7)1,00421.3 (18.2-24.5)1,19121.5 (18.3-24.6)
Problems in sex lifeNo6,3998.2 (7.5-9.0)5,9478.6 (7.7-9.4)4,7938.5 (7.5-9.4)
Yes79521.3 (18.1-24.5)98720.6 (17.5-23.8)1,17621.4 (18.0-24.7)
Verbal IQ
NART predicted verbal IQ <80No6,0447.5 (6.7-8.3)5,5198.3 (7.4-9.2)4,2055.4 (4.5-6.3)
Yes73016.0 (12.7-19.2)93115.5 (12.8-18.2)1,0167.0 (5.2-8.8)

1.E.5 Among adults (16+) with and without Cmd (CIS-R), the proportion reporting each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024)

Impairment indicatorWhether any CMD200720072014201420242024
n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)
Activities of daily living (difficulty with...)
Difficulty dealing with paperworkNo6,12610.0 (9.2-10.9)6,2086.8 (6.1-7.5)5,4617.9 (6.8-9.0)
Yes1,27728.4 (25.5-31.2)1,33723.2 (20.4-25.9)1,44930.8 (27.8-33.8)
Difficulty getting out/about or using transportNo6,1258.0 (7.3-8.6)6,2097.4 (6.7-8.1)5,4629.5 (8.4-10.7)
Yes1,27725.3 (22.7-28.0)1,33721.4 (19.0-23.9)1,44932.3 (28.9-35.6)
Difficulty managing moneyNo6,1246.6 (5.9-7.3)6,2093.6 (3.0-4.2)5,4625.9 (4.8-6.9)
Yes1,27725.1 (22.4-27.8)1,33716.1 (13.9-18.4)1,44923.7 (20.7-26.7)
Difficulty with household activitiesNo6,1258.3 (7.6-9.0)6,2096.6 (6.0-7.3)5,4628.8 (7.7-9.9)
Yes1,27627.4 (24.5-30.3)1,33722.2 (19.7-24.8)1,44933.4 (30.1-36.8)
Difficulty with medical careNo6,1261.9 (1.5-2.3)6,2091.8 (1.4-2.2)5,4624.4 (3.4-5.4)
Yes1,2777.9 (6.2-9.5)1,3379.5 (7.7-11.2)1,44816.9 (14.3-19.5)
Difficulty with personal careNo6,1265.9 (5.3-6.5)6,2094.5 (4.0-5.0)5,4626.9 (5.8-7.9)
Yes1,27717.5 (15.4-19.6)1,33715.1 (13.0-17.3)1,44927.0 (23.9-30.1)
Difficulty with practical activitiesNo6,11218.2 (17.2-19.2)6,20712.9 (12.0-13.8)5,45615.0 (13.7-16.3)
Yes1,27540.2 (37.1-43.3)1,33631.2 (28.4-34.0)1,44440.1 (36.6-43.6)
Physical conditions
Bone, back, joint or muscle problemsNo6,11419.5 (18.4-20.6)6,20518.0 (16.9-19.0)5,45516.5 (15.2-17.8)
Yes1,27334.7 (31.9-37.4)1,33634.5 (31.4-37.7)1,44833.0 (30.1-35.9)
Bowel/colon problemsNo6,1214.1 (3.6-4.6)6,2064.4 (3.9-5.0)5,4554.8 (4.2-5.5)
Yes1,2749.3 (7.7-10.9)1,33711.8 (9.8-13.8)1,44812.7 (10.7-14.7)
Cataracts/eyesight problemsNo6,11914.3 (13.1-15.4)6,20613.2 (12.1-14.2)5,45311.0 (10.0-11.9)
Yes1,27718.3 (15.8-20.7)1,33718.6 (16.3-20.9)1,44915.9 (13.5-18.2)
Ear/hearing problemsNo6,1226.8 (6.1-7.6)6,2058.4 (7.7-9.1)5,4556.8 (6.1-7.5)
Yes1,2778.4 (6.6-10.1)1,33710.3 (8.5-12.2)1,44910.1 (8.3-11.9)
Epilepsy/fitsNo6,1230.4 (0.2-0.6)6,2060.5 (0.3-0.7)5,4550.6 (0.2-1.1)
Yes1,2771.3 (0.7-2.0)1,3371.2 (0.5-1.8)1,4481.9 (1.2-2.7)
Social Functioning Questionnaire*
Difficulties with close relationshipsNo6,0878.6 (7.7-9.5)5,8399.0 (8.1-10.0)4,8609.5 (8.2-10.9)
Yes1,25925.2 (22.2-28.2)1,23728.8 (25.7-32.0)1,26033.5 (30.0-37.1)
Does not complete tasks satisfactorilyNo6,0922.8 (2.3-3.2)5,8374.6 (3.9-5.3)4,8664.5 (3.7-5.4)
Yes1,26720.6 (18.1-23.2)1,23920.9 (18.2-23.7)1,26227.8 (24.4-31.2)
Does not enjoy spare timeNo6,0902.4 (1.9-2.8)5,8402.2 (1.7-2.7)4,8613.0 (2.3-3.8)
Yes1,26316.1 (13.9-18.3)1,23816.4 (14.0-18.7)1,26017.1 (14.1-20.0)
Does not get on well with family/relativesNo6,0908.4 (7.6-9.2)5,8388.0 (7.2-8.8)4,8678.5 (7.5-9.4)
Yes1,26219.4 (16.9-21.8)1,23722.5 (19.7-25.3)1,26321.9 (19.0-24.8)
Feels lonely and isolatedNo6,09413.5 (12.6-14.4)5,84312.4 (11.5-13.4)4,86815.8 (14.3-17.3)
Yes1,26656.3 (52.9-59.6)1,24051.9 (48.5-55.3)1,26459.1 (55.5-62.8)
Finds tasks stressfulNo6,0918.5 (7.7-9.4)5,8389.3 (8.4-10.3)4,86810.9 (9.5-12.3)
Yes1,26434.4 (31.6-37.2)1,23933.9 (30.7-37.2)1,26136.5 (33.0-39.9)
Has money problemsNo6,0936.5 (5.8-7.3)5,8437.4 (6.6-8.2)4,8607.2 (6.1-8.3)
Yes1,26729.3 (26.3-32.4)1,24131.6 (28.3-34.9)1,26325.2 (22.2-28.2)
Problems in sex lifeNo6,0317.6 (6.8-8.3)5,7807.9 (7.1-8.7)4,7907.8 (6.7-8.9)
Yes1,25120.0 (17.5-22.4)1,21722.2 (19.4-25.1)1,24124.5 (21.4-27.6)
Verbal IQ
NART predicted verbal IQ <80No5,7057.9 (7.1-8.8)5,6659.3 (8.4-10.3)4,6095.7 (4.8-6.6)
Yes1,16712.5 (10.3-14.7)1,21214.7 (12.2-17.1)1,2309.2 (7.3-11.2)

‘I complete my tasks at work and home satisfactorily’ (SFQA) ‘I find my tasks at work and at home very stressful’ (SFQB) ‘I have no money problems’ (SFQC) ‘I have difficulties in getting and keeping close relationships’ (SFQD) ‘I have problems in my sex life’ (SFQE) ‘I get on well with my family and other relatives’ (SFQF) ‘I feel lonely and isolated from other people’ (SFQG) ‘I enjoy my spare time’ (SFQH)

1.E.6 Among adults aged 16-64 with 0, 1, 2 or 3+ types of conditions, the proportion reporting each impairment indicator (APMS 2007, 2014, 2024)

Impairment indicatorNumber of types of200720072014201420242024
conditions present:n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)n% (95% CI)
Activities of daily living (difficulty with...)
Difficulty dealing with paperwork0 conditions3,4676.1 (5.2-7.1)3,2133.6 (2.9-4.4)2,1874.8 (3.4-6.2)
1 condition1,09713.6 (11.2-16.0)1,0978.3 (6.5-10.2)89910.8 (8.2-13.5)
2 conditions35828.7 (23.6-33.9)43516.6 (12.5-20.6)46519.2 (14.4-24.0)
3+ conditions24438.2 (31.3-45.1)28731.4 (25.2-37.6)35840.1 (33.5-46.7)
Difficulty getting out/about or using transport0 conditions3,4673.5 (2.8-4.1)3,2142.6 (1.9-3.2)2,1875.0 (3.6-6.3)
1 condition1,09710.0 (8.1-11.8)1,0976.3 (4.9-7.8)89910.1 (7.5-12.7)
2 conditions35815.1 (11.3-18.8)43515.3 (11.9-18.8)46519.2 (14.7-23.8)
3+ conditions24425.0 (19.5-30.5)28725.0 (19.3-30.6)35834.4 (27.9-40.9)
Difficulty managing money0 conditions3,4665.0 (4.3-5.8)3,2142.0 (1.4-2.7)2,1874.1 (2.8-5.4)
1 condition1,09712.7 (10.6-14.9)1,0974.9 (3.3-6.5)8998.9 (6.4-11.4)
2 conditions35826.0 (20.9-31.1)43513.7 (10.0-17.4)46515.4 (11.2-19.7)
3+ conditions24437.0 (30.2-43.7)28728.2 (22.4-34.1)35834.8 (27.5-42.0)
Difficulty with household activities0 conditions3,4674.6 (3.9-5.3)3,2143.1 (2.4-3.7)2,1875.2 (3.9-6.5)
1 condition1,09611.8 (9.6-13.9)1,0976.2 (4.7-7.8)89910.6 (8.0-13.1)
2 conditions35816.2 (12.1-20.3)43515.9 (12.4-19.4)46519.5 (14.9-24.1)
3+ conditions24426.4 (20.7-32.0)28724.3 (18.6-30.1)35836.4 (29.8-43.1)
Difficulty with medical care0 conditions3,4671.1 (0.7-1.5)3,2141.0 (0.6-1.3)2,1873.5 (2.2-4.7)
1 condition1,0974.6 (3.2-6.0)1,0972.0 (1.0-3.0)8994.9 (3.1-6.7)
2 conditions3584.5 (2.2-6.8)4356.6 (4.2-8.9)46510.0 (6.8-13.2)
3+ conditions24410.1 (6.0-14.2)28714.1 (9.5-18.8)35823.6 (17.8-29.4)
Difficulty with personal care0 conditions3,4672.7 (2.2-3.3)3,2142.0 (1.5-2.6)2,1874.5 (3.2-5.8)
1 condition1,0977.7 (6.0-9.3)1,0974.3 (3.1-5.4)8999.3 (6.9-11.7)
2 conditions3589.5 (6.2-12.7)43511.9 (8.8-15.0)46516.8 (12.5-21.1)
3+ conditions24414.7 (10.2-19.2)28712.9 (8.7-17.1)35827.0 (21.0-33.0)
Difficulty with practical activities0 conditions3,46410.6 (9.6-11.6)3,2145.0 (4.2-5.8)2,1878.1 (6.6-9.6)
1 condition1,09519.9 (17.4-22.3)1,09711.6 (9.6-13.6)89914.3 (11.5-17.2)
2 conditions35726.1 (21.5-30.7)43523.0 (18.7-27.4)46526.5 (21.0-31.9)
3+ conditions24433.5 (27.2-39.8)28729.5 (23.8-35.3)35535.5 (29.0-42.1)
Physical conditions
Bone, back, joint or muscle problems0 conditions3,46318.4 (17.0-19.8)3,21315.6 (14.4-16.8)2,18413.4 (11.6-15.3)
1 condition1,09624.8 (22.2-27.4)1,09720.4 (17.8-22.9)89918.1 (15.1-21.2)
2 conditions35627.9 (22.5-33.3)43431.3 (26.0-36.7)46526.7 (21.7-31.6)
3+ conditions24429.2 (23.1-35.4)28731.1 (24.9-37.3)35829.7 (23.2-36.2)
Bowel/colon problems0 conditions3,4653.5 (2.8-4.1)3,2133.3 (2.7-4.0)2,1843.6 (2.7-4.4)
1 condition1,0954.9 (3.7-6.2)1,0976.3 (4.8-7.9)8996.4 (4.6-8.2)
2 conditions3586.6 (4.0-9.1)4359.2 (5.9-12.6)4659.8 (6.6-13.0)
3+ conditions24310.8 (6.7-14.9)28711.3 (7.4-15.3)35812.0 (8.0-16.0)
Cataracts/eyesight problems0 conditions3,46411.7 (10.4-13.1)3,2139.6 (8.3-10.9)2,1837.1 (5.8-8.3)
1 condition1,09612.5 (10.3-14.7)1,09712.2 (10.1-14.2)8998.6 (6.5-10.7)
2 conditions35814.9 (10.8-18.9)43515.6 (11.6-19.6)46510.8 (7.5-14.0)
3+ conditions24416.2 (11.0-21.3)28716.0 (11.3-20.7)35814.8 (9.2-20.3)
Ear/hearing problems0 conditions3,4664.2 (3.5-5.0)3,2134.5 (3.7-5.2)2,1842.4 (1.7-3.0)
1 condition1,0976.0 (4.4-7.6)1,0976.0 (4.4-7.7)8995.9 (3.8-7.9)
2 conditions3586.4 (3.8-9.0)4355.0 (2.8-7.2)4655.8 (3.3-8.3)
3+ conditions2445.0 (1.8-8.2)2878.1 (4.1-12.2)3587.1 (4.5-9.6)
Epilepsy/fits0 conditions3,4670.4 (0.2-0.7)3,2130.4 (0.1-0.7)2,1840.6 (-0.0-1.3)
1 condition1,0970.4 (0.1-0.8)1,0970.8 (0.2-1.3)8991.0 (-0.3-2.4)
2 conditions3581.3 (0.1-2.6)4350.9 (0.1-1.7)4641.5 (0.2-2.8)
3+ conditions2442.0 (0.4-3.5)2871.6 (0.3-2.8)3582.4 (0.8-4.1)
Social Functioning Questionnaire
Difficulties with close relationships0 conditions3,4656.6 (5.6-7.5)3,2137.1 (6.0-8.2)2,1856.9 (5.1-8.8)
1 condition1,09718.7 (16.2-21.2)1,09618.0 (15.4-20.6)89818.8 (15.5-22.1)
2 conditions35731.2 (25.9-36.6)43431.0 (25.8-36.2)46532.4 (26.4-38.4)
3+ conditions24445.6 (37.7-53.5)28751.9 (44.6-59.2)35555.4 (49.1-61.6)
Does not complete tasks satisfactorily0 conditions3,4671.5 (1.0-2.0)3,2142.9 (2.2-3.7)2,1872.8 (1.8-3.7)
1 condition1,0977.8 (5.9-9.6)1,09710.5 (8.4-12.7)8999.9 (7.4-12.3)
2 conditions35818.4 (13.8-22.9)43520.2 (16.0-24.3)46525.8 (20.2-31.4)
3+ conditions24434.7 (27.8-41.6)28734.6 (28.0-41.2)35738.3 (30.9-45.6)
Does not enjoy spare time0 conditions3,4661.8 (1.3-2.4)3,2131.5 (1.1-2.0)2,1872.6 (1.5-3.6)
1 condition1,0976.6 (5.0-8.2)1,0956.0 (4.2-7.7)8997.1 (4.9-9.4)
2 conditions35715.1 (11.1-19.1)43510.2 (7.1-13.2)46412.2 (8.1-16.3)
3+ conditions24423.2 (17.6-28.8)28731.6 (25.2-37.9)35722.7 (16.9-28.5)
Does not get on well with family/relatives0 conditions3,4668.5 (7.5-9.6)3,2137.1 (6.2-8.0)2,1876.6 (5.3-8.0)
1 condition1,09713.2 (11.2-15.3)1,09616.1 (13.4-18.7)89913.2 (10.4-16.0)
2 conditions35815.7 (11.7-19.8)43523.7 (18.8-28.5)46419.3 (14.4-24.3)
3+ conditions24335.8 (29.1-42.6)28728.8 (22.5-35.1)35833.0 (25.5-40.5)
Feels lonely and isolated0 conditions3,46710.5 (9.5-11.5)3,2148.9 (7.8-10.0)2,18712.2 (10.5-14.0)
1 condition1,09733.2 (30.1-36.3)1,09728.9 (25.8-32.1)89931.7 (27.5-35.9)
2 conditions35856.1 (50.1-62.1)43552.2 (46.4-58.1)46553.0 (46.8-59.1)
3+ conditions24472.2 (64.8-79.7)28771.2 (64.7-77.6)35878.5 (72.5-84.6)
Finds tasks stressful0 conditions3,4676.5 (5.6-7.4)3,2148.7 (7.5-9.9)2,18710.0 (8.3-11.7)
1 condition1,09520.4 (17.6-23.2)1,09719.3 (16.5-22.1)89917.9 (14.8-21.0)
2 conditions35835.7 (30.3-41.1)43535.7 (30.5-40.9)46535.9 (29.9-42.0)
3+ conditions24449.5 (42.1-57.0)28745.7 (38.5-52.9)35753.0 (45.7-60.3)
Has money problems0 conditions3,4676.3 (5.4-7.3)3,2146.7 (5.7-7.6)2,1846.1 (4.8-7.5)
1 condition1,09614.5 (12.3-16.7)1,09719.6 (16.9-22.3)89917.1 (13.9-20.2)
2 conditions35833.4 (27.4-39.4)43531.6 (26.3-36.9)46421.4 (16.8-26.1)
3+ conditions24448.3 (40.7-55.9)28745.4 (38.7-52.1)35838.3 (31.5-45.1)
Problems in sex life0 conditions3,4516.6 (5.7-7.5)3,2026.0 (5.1-6.8)2,1696.5 (5.2-7.9)
1 condition1,09011.8 (10.0-13.7)1,09113.3 (11.0-15.5)89213.9 (10.9-16.9)
2 conditions35723.6 (18.8-28.3)43220.5 (16.1-24.9)45821.7 (17.0-26.4)
3+ conditions24432.9 (26.5-39.2)28036.1 (29.3-43.0)35333.5 (26.5-40.6)
Verbal IQ
NART predicted verbal IQ <800 conditions3,2146.7 (5.6-7.8)2,8837.8 (6.6-9.0)1,8264.7 (3.3-6.0)
1 condition1,0229.6 (7.3-11.9)9779.9 (7.6-12.2)7386.6 (4.5-8.8)
2 conditions33014.7 (10.1-19.3)39911.4 (7.7-15.0)4145.2 (3.0-7.4)

3+ conditions 234 16.8 (10.7-22.8) 273 23.4 (17.0-29.8) 337 9.2 (5.6-12.7)

Results This section examines, among people with and without experience of different types of social exposures, what proportion have each of the core conditions (CMD, ADHD traits, autism traits, co- occurrence). These unadjusted analyses, for example, show a strong association between screening positive for ADHD and being less likely to a parent, more likely to be a carer and have smaller social support network, much more likely to have experienced bullying, to be looking for work, much more likely to be debt, report experience of discrimination, feel less safe in their neighbourhoods, have a lower sense of belonging, more likely to use social media and twice as likely to spend longer on social media then they mean to. 1.F.1 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with CMD (2007-2024)

Social context
Social relationsSocial relations200720142024
%%%
Has a child, including any not living with3Present16.11 15.05-17.2216.61 15.90-19.3918.54 17.07-20.10
Not16.17 14.38-18.1317.58 15.9-19.3921.93 19.52-24.55
A carer for others due to health, disability or problem related to agePresent21.66 19.63-23.8322.39 19.90-25.0829.06 26.11-32.19
Not14.47 13.46-15.5415.63 14.64-16.6717.86 16.42-19.40
Feel close to at least three people (family and friends)Present15.53 14.54-16.5716.25 15.28-17.2819.06 17.68-20.52
Not42.52 35.46-49.9137.95 31.77-44.5540.07 33.93-46.54
Experienced bullying, violence or abuse in the past 6 months4 (LTE measures)Present38.72 28.52-50.0142.92 33.49-52.9057.8 44.86-69.75
Not15.84 14.87-16.8516.64 15.64-17.6819.31 17.95-20.76
Experienced discrimination (due to ethnicity)Present28.7 21.04-37.8238.13 28.43-48.8938.15 27.48-50.10
Not15.87 14.89-16.916.12 15.13-17.1719.22 17.80-20.73
Employment and socioeconomic factors:
Work-search: Looked for work for at least one monthPresent29.30 22.32-37.4330.85 23.96-38.7340.45 29.26-52.72
Not15.67 14.71-16.6816.55 15.56-17.6019.48 18.15-20.87
Work intensity: Work intensely sometimes or oftenPresent15.6018.8 16.80-20.97
14.2-17.11
Not9.8514.36 11.01-18.52
7.52-12.8
Job security: Feel secure in job sometimes or oftenPresent11.61 10.32-13.0513.00 11.77-14.3316.59 14.83-18.52
Not21.07 18.38-24.0327.29 22.59-32.5638.14 30.20-46.76
Remote working: Working from home makes me feel isolated or lonelyPresent24.95 20.00-30.66
Not14.14 10.84-18.24
In serious debtPresent38.08 34.03-42.3142.17 37.57-46.9144.87 38.77-51.14
Not14.01 13.05-15.0214.94 13.96-15.9618.36 17.02-19.78
Area-level factors:
Trust: agree ‘I trust people around here’Present12.88 11.83-14.0013.02 12.08-14.0316.18 14.84-17.61
Not24.01 22.10-26.0327.21 24.91-29.6331.04 27.92-34.35
Safety: agree ‘I feel safe around here’5Present15.04 14.06-16.0915.56 14.58-16.5916.96 15.67-18.32
Not31.12 26.76-35.8540.47 35.07-46.1133.33 29.45-37.45
Belonging: agree ‘I feel like I belong around here’Present13.63 12.62-14.7114.10 13.08-15.1716.69 15.35-18.12
Not24.35 22.26-26.5728.07 25.42-30.8832.22 28.79-35.86
Social media indicators:
Used social media apps or sitesPresent20.60 19.10-22.19
Not16.52 14.25-19.08
‘Number of likes, comments or shares I get on social media has an impact on my mood’ (agrees)Present27.42 23.32-31.94
Not19.52 17.95-21.20
‘In general, I spend more time on social media than I mean to’ (agrees)Present25.92 23.13-28.92
Not17.05 15.45-18.77
‘In past year, seen anything online that made me feel upset, scared or uncomfortable’ (agrees)Present29.18 26.28-32.26
Not15.57 14.20-17.05

5 Note wording change: in 2007 and 2014 the question refers to feeling safe during the day, in 2024 it refers to feeling safe at nighttime.

1.F.2 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with ADHD (2007-2024)

Social contextADHD200720142024
%%%
95% CIs95% CIs95% CIs
Social relations:
Has a child, including any do not live with6Prese nt7.67 6.96-8.448.50 7.65-9.4411.50 10.41-12.68
Not9.38 7.94-11.0511.7 10.25-13.3316.67 14.69-18.86
A carer for others due to health, disability or problem related to agePrese nt9.68 8.26-11.3111.24 9.54-13.2017.44 14.97-20.23
Not7.75 7.04-8.529.35 (8.47-10.30)12.78 11.58-14.08
Feel close to at least three people (family and friends)Prese nt7.91 7.27-8.609.38 (8.57-10.27)13.46 12.33-14.67
Not19.37 14.27-25.7519.59 15.06-25.0919.63 15.01-25.25
Experienced bullying, violence and abuse in the past 6 months7 (LTE measures)Prese nt20.73 12.59-32.2011.29 6.15-19.8132.25 21.14-45.80
Not8.07 7.43-8.799.72 8.91-10.5913.45 12.34-14.65
Experiences of discrimination (due to ethnicity)Prese nt15.61 10.21-23.1321.25 14.74-29.6517.48 10.57-27.52
Not8.01 7.35-8.729.31 8.50-10.1913.66 12.48-14.93
Employment and socioeconomic factors:
Work-search: Looked for work for at least one monthPrese nt16.23 11.01-23.2922.24 15.98-30.0821.92 14.53-31.67
Not7.94 7.31-8.629.32 8.53-10.1713.62 12.52-14.80
Work intensity: Work intensely - sometimes or oftenPrese nt8.44 7.37-9.6614.35 12.74-16.12
Not5.87 4.09-8.3512.26 8.91-16.63
Job security: Feel secure in job – sometimes or often8Prese nt6.22 5.38-7.197.46 6.47-8.5812.78 11.31-14.42
Not10.61 8.41-13.3112.58 9.60-16.3229.94 21.82-39.55 are
Remote working: Working from home makes me feel isolated or lonelyPrese nt-20.93 16.44-26.26
Not-9.92 (7.21-13.5)
In serious debtPrese nt17.26 14.18-20.8423.47 19.49-27.9832.24 26.99-37.98
Not7.43 6.77-8.148.46 7.67-9.3212.58 11.48-13.78
Area-level factors:
Trust: agree ‘I trust people around here”Prese nt6.39 5.68-7.177.17 6.38-8.0510.67 9.58-11.87
Not12.65 11.07-14.4216.15 14.29-18.2022.42 19.73-25.36
Safety: agree ‘I feel safe around here’9Prese nt7.69 7.05-8.408.95 8.12-9.8611.77 10.67-12.97
Not15.60 12.37-19.5021.89 17.33-27.2522.14 18.73-25.98
Belonging: agree ‘I feel like I belong around here’Prese nt7.21 6.48-8.028.20 7.36-9.1311.35 10.25-12.54
Not11.5415.2922.35

7.21 6.48-8.02 8.20 7.36-9.13 11.35 10.25-12.54 Not 11.54 15.29 22.35 6 Responded yes to: ‘Do you have any children, including any that do not live with you as part of your household?’ 7 Any bullying, workplace violence, domestic violence, or sexual abuse occurring within the last 6 months. 8 Wording in 2007: agreement with ‘My job security is poor.’ Wording in 2014 and 2024: ‘How often do you feel secure in your present job?’ 9 Note wording change: in 2007 and 2014 the question refers to feeling safe during the day, in 2024 it refers to feeling safe at nighttime.

9.98-13.3113.18-17.6819.54-25.44
Social media indicators:
Used social media apps or sitesPrese nt14.82 13.57-16.17
Not7.58 6.03-9.48
‘Number of likes, comments or shares I get on social media has an impact on my mood’ (agrees)Prese nt20.94 16.97-25.55
Not13.87 12.58-15.26
‘In general, I spend more time on social media than I mean to’ (agrees)Prese nt21.38 19.05-23.9
Not10.5 9.15-12.03
‘In past year, seen anything online that made me feel upset, scared or uncomfortable’ (agrees)Prese nt21.11 18.67-23.79
Not10.14 9.05-11.34

1.F.3 Among adults (16+) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion screening positive for autistic traits (2007-2024)

Trends in social contextAQ8+200720142024
%%%
Social relations:
Has a child, including any not living with10Present10.39 9.50-11.3412.83 11.84-13.8916.79 15.36-18.32
Not11.69 10.11-13.4716.97 15.17-18.9525.03 22.39-27.88
A carer for others due to health, disability or problem related to agePresent12.75 11.07-14.6514.81 12.84-17.0121.97 19.23-24.99
Not10.24 9.33-11.2214.38 13.35-15.4620.05 18.42-21.79
Feel close to at least three people (family and friends)Present10.41 9.56-11.3213.60 12.73-14.5219.41 17.96-20.94
Not29.13 22.45-36.8643.19 36.31-50.3445.07 37.56-52.81
Experienced bullying, violence or abuse in the past 6 months11 (LTE measures)Present14.15 8.07-23.6215.70 9.48-24.8845.42 32.50-58-98
Not10.78 9.94-11.6714.45 13.56-15.3819.82 18.42-21.30
Experienced discrimination (due to ethnicity)Present15.20 10.18-22.1021.34 14.90-29.5929.78 19.64-42.39
Not10.60 9.76-11.5114.02 13.14-14.9520.17 18.71-21.72
Employment and socioeconomic factors:
Work-search: Looked for work for at least one monthPresent16.25 11.19-23.0021.39 15.17-29.2930.17 21.31-40.80
Not10.64 9.82-11.5214.23 13.33-15.1920.04 18.62-21.54
Work intensity: Work intensely - sometimes or oftenPresent11.49 10.27-12.8218.94 16.77-21.31
Not12.55 9.71-16.0718.02 13.71-23.33
Job security: Feel secure in job – sometimes or often12Present7.13 6.11-8.3111.24 10.06-12.5318.15 16.11-20.38
Not12.16 9.50-15.4415.34 11.84-19.6427.50 20.26-36.15
Remote working: Working from home makes me feel isolated or lonelyPresent18.20 13.58-23.95
Not14.93 11.42-19.29
In serious debtsPresent17.84 14.39-21.9021.12 17.15-25.7339.51 33.47-45.90
Not10.16 9.34-11.0613.79 12.89-14.7519.00 17.57-20.52
Area-level factors:
Trust: agree ‘I trust people around here’Present9.15 8.27-10.1111.79 10.78-12.8717.02 15.47-18.69
Not14.84 13.24-16.6121.20 19.21-23.3330.29 27.40-33.34
Safety: agree ‘I feel safe around here’13Present10.25 9.44-11.1115.56 14.58-16.5917.90 16.44-19.45
Not18.79 14.65-23.7640.47 35.07-46.1131.39 27.66-35.37
Belonging: agree ‘I feel like I belong around here’Present9.42 8.55-10.3514.10 13.08-15.1717.19 15.65-18.85
Not15.42 13.57-17.4728.07 25.42-30.8832.23 28.81-35.85
Social media indicators:
Used social media apps or sitesPresent20.52 18.95-22.18
Not19.62 16.87-22.70
‘Number of likes, comments or shares I get on social media has an impact on my mood’ (agrees)Present24.18 19.72-29.29
Not19.96 18.30-21.74
‘In general, I spend more time on social media than I mean to’ (agrees)Present25.99 23.01-29.22
Not16.78 15.05-18.66
‘In past year, seen anything online that made me feel upset, scared or uncomfortable’ (agrees)Present24.11 21.52-26.90
Not18.53 16.83-20.36

1.F.4 Among adults (16-64) with and without experience of different social factors, proportion with 2 or more co-occurring types of condition (2007-2024)

Trends in social contextComorbidity2007 %2014 %2024 %
(0-1 vs 2+
conditions)
Social relations:
Has a child, including not living with14Present8.70 7.88-9.6012.71 11.53-13.9918.04 16.09-20.17
Not12.49 10.81-14.3915.71 13.96-17.6321.65 19.19-24.34
A carer for others due to health, disability or problem related to agePresent12.37 10.72-14.2316.98 14.52-19.7727.36 23.98-31.02
Not9.13 8.31-10.0213.36 12.25-14.5518.21 16.49-20.08
Feel close to at least three people (family and friends)Present9.34 8.55-10.2013.29 12.21-14.4619.05 17.44-20.76
Not37.12 29.71-45.1941.58 33.04-50.6741.24 32.93-50.07
Experienced bullying, violence and abuse (LTE measures)Present23.53 14.75-35.3621.92 14.38-31.9448.98 35.27-62.84
Not9.76 8.97-10.6113.97 12.90-15.1119.12 17.48-20.88
Experienced discrimination (ethnicity)Present19.79 13.23-28.5327.44 19.99-36.4131.78 21.49-44.22
Not9.68 8.92-10.5013.40 12.33-14.5419.54 17.92-21.27
Employment and socioeconomic
factors:
Work-search: Looked for work for at least one monthPresent24.28 17.66-32.4126.57 19.42-35.2132.42 22.25-44.57
Not9.47 8.69-10.3113.58 12.52-14.7219.40 17.79-21.12
Work intensity: Work intensely sometimes or oftenPresent10.81 9.55-12.2016.97 14.97-19.18
Not8.40 6.09-11.4913.59 10.25-17.80
Job security: Feel secure in job – sometimes or often15Present6.83 5.84-7.989.49 8.35-10.7815.15 13.45-17.02
Not14.89 12.09-18.1917.88 14.02-22.5434.10 25.81-43.50
Remote working: Working from home makes me feel isolated or lonelyPresent22.26 17.80-27.48
Not12.15 9.46-15.47
In serious debtsPresent27.89 23.95-32.1934.5 29.55-39.8245.15 38.49-51.89
Not8.25 7.53-9.0311.90 10.81-13.0817.81 16.19-19.55
Area-level factors:
Trust: agree ‘I trust people around here’Present7.00 6.25-7.849.91 8.81-11.1315.15 13.55-16.91
Not16.99 15.22-18.9323.35 21.02-25.8532.07 28.33-36.06
Safety: agree ‘I feel safe around here’16Present9.12 8.35-9.9512.89 11.83-14.0417.21 15.60-18.95
Not21.32 17.38-25.8832.32 26.34-38.9630.39 25.84-35.35
Belonging: agree ‘I feel like I belong around here’ (belonging)Present7.79 6.96-8.7111.85 10.67-13.1315.78 14.27-17.42
Not16.91 14.94-19.0921.53 18.78-24.5633.94 29.90-38.22
Social media indicators:
Used social media apps or sitesPresent20.01 18.31-21.82
Not18.90 14.93-23.62
‘Number of likes, comments or shares I get on social media has an impact on my mood’ (agrees)Present26.34 21.89-31.33
Not18.97 17.13-20.96
‘In general, I spend more time on social media than I mean to’ (agrees)Present25.19 22.34-28.27
Not15.75 13.85-17.87
‘In past year, seen anything online that made me feel upset, scared or uncomfortable’ (agrees)Present28.16 25.06-31.48
Not14.93 13.24-16.80

Not 14.93 13.24-16.80

G. Additional analyses on ADHD

Zoe Morgan, Samuel Tromans G. Summary Adult ADHD symptom prevalence at item-level is rising, but the increase is concentrated in the inattention domain: the hyperactivity/impulsivity mean scores have not changed. Self-reported ADHD identification has risen steeply (about eight-fold for reporting thinking on has ADHD, about four fold for reporting having a doctor's diagnosis), and average recalled age of onset among self-identifiers has shifted from late childhood to early adulthood.

Results 1.G.1 ASRS: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing ASRS items (APMS 2007-2024) ASRS Positive response

ASRSPositive200720072007201420142014202420242024
responsen%95% CIn%95% CIn%95% CI
ASRS items
How often do you have trouble wrapping up the fine details of a project, once the challenging parts have been done?sometimes, often, very often198827.5(26.3, 28.8)211928.5(27.2, 29.8)212932.3(30.8, 33.7)
How often do you have difficulty getting things in order when you have to do a task that requires organisation?sometimes, often, very often155421.3(20.2, 22.5)178824.5(23.3, 25.6)182426.9(25.5, 28.3)
How often do you have problems remembering appointments or things you have agreed to do?sometimes, often, very often208829.0(27.6, 30.3)217129.8(28.5, 31.1)207630.9(29.3, 32.4)
When you have a task that requires a lot of thought, how often do you avoid or delay getting started?often, very often90712.1(11.2, 13.0)103913.8(12.8, 14.8)120818.8(17.5, 20.2)
How often do you fidget or squirm with your hands or your feet when you have to sit down for a long time?often, very often168924.8(23.6, 26.0)177226.1(24.8, 27.5)168527.6(26.0, 29.2)
How often do you feel overly active and compelled to do things, like you were driven by a motor?often, very often88612.9(11.9, 13.9)86912.8(11.8, 13.8)78613.3(12.2, 14.4)
ASRS overall scores
Scoring positive for all 6 itemsN/A390.6(0.4, 0.8)440.7(0.5, 0.9)1162.0(1.5, 2.5)
Scoring as ‘very often’ (highest threshold) for 4+ itemsN/A300.3(0.2, 0.4)460.6(0.4, 0.8)1101.5(1.1, 1.8)
Screen positive using recommended approach (4+)N/A8.2(7.6,8.9)9.7(8.9,10.6)13.9(12.8,15.2)
Additional item asked in 2024
How often have difficulty waiting your turn in situations when turn taking is required?often, very often175968.9(7.9, 9.9)

17 This definition of a positive response was agreed upon by consensus by APMS team members Zoe Morgan, Samuel Tromans, and Sally McManus (as we were not aware of the definition of what constitutes a positive response for this question item having been previously reported in the research literature).

ASRS200720072014 mean201420242024
mean95% CI95% CImean95% CI
ASRS domain scores (mapping to two domains)18
Inattention (adhdapp; adhdavd; adhdwrap; adhdorg)8.0(8.0, 8.1)8.2(8.1, 8.3)8.6(8.5, 8.7)
Hyperactivity/impulsivity (adhdsit; adhdmot)4.6(4.5, 4.7)4.6(4.5, 4.7)4.6(4.5, 4.7)

1.G.3 ASRS: Among adults (aged 16+) endorsing 1+ ASRS item, age at onset (APMS 2014-2024) ASRS 2014 n

ASRS20142014 %2014 95% CI20242024 %2024 95% CI
nn
How old were you when these experiences began?19
Before age 763615.5(14.2, 16.8)50214.1(12.6, 15.7)
8-12 years2616.3(5.4, 7.2)3259.8(8.4, 11.2)
13-16 years41611.6(10.4, 12.8)42913.5(11.9, 15.2)
17 or older240047.8(46.1, 49.4)202743.4(41.3, 45.5)
Unsure91118.8(17.5, 20.1)88119.2(17.5, 20.8)

18 The score was created through assigning a numerical value to each Likert scale option for the ASRS question items (Never = 1; Rarely = 2; Sometimes = 3; Often = 4; Very often = 5),and summing these for the relevant ASRS question items (4 question items for inattention; 2 question items for hyperactivity/impulsivity) to create a cumulative score for each domain. See Section I for measurement invariance testing carried out by Sharon Neufield and Anastasia Fadeeva for this two factor model, as well as an alternative three factor model comprising: Inattention (adhdapp; adhdavd); Hyperactivity/impulsivity (adhdsit; adhdmot); Disorganisation (adhdwrap; adhdorg). 19 This question is asked to participants who report positive responses to 1+ of the ASRS question items.

ASRS20142014 %2014 95% CI20242024 %2024 95% CI
nn
How old were you when these experiences began?20n (N=707)n (N=707)Weighted %95% CIn (N=896)n (N=896)Weighted %95% CI
Before age 710017.4(13.9, 20.9)14119.4(15.8, 23.1)
8-12 years618.7(6.1, 11.2)10715.5(11.9, 19.1)
13-16 years9217.7(14.0, 21.5)13417.1(13.6, 20.6)
17 or older37646.0(41.7, 50.3)38133.2(29.3, 37.1)
ASRS201420142014202420242024
n/N%95% CIn/N%95% CI
Do you think that you might have EVER experienced any of these? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD)45 / 75420.7(0.5, 1.0)304 / 69065.8(5.0, 6.6)
Did a doctor, psychiatrist or health professional tell you have ADHD?2120 / 75410.4(0.2, 0.5)103 / 69031.8(1.4, 2.3)
Has ADHD been present in the past year?2211 / 75410.2(0.1, 0.3)92 / 69031.5(1.1, 1.9)
In the last 12 months, have you had any therapy, medication or other treatment for ADHD?3 / 75410.1(0.0, 0.1)43 / 69030.8(0.5, 1.2)
Whether currently in receipt of ADHD medication (Ritalin or Strattera)4 / 75430.1(0.0, 0.2)6 / 69090.1(0.0, 0.3)
Whether currently in receipt of ADHD medication (any)20 / 69090.4(0.2, 0.6)
Would you have liked to have received any therapy, medication or other treatment for ADHD?2327/5937.7(36.2, 39.3)
2014201420242024
Mean95% CIMean95% CI
How old were you when you first had ADHD? 249.8(6.5, 13.0)21.7(18.8, 24.5)

20 This question is asked to participants who report positive responses to 4+ of the ASRS question items (screen positive for ADHD). 21 Question item only asked if participant self-reports ADHD on prior interview question. 22 Question item only asked if participant both self-reports ADHD and reports having been told by a doctor, psychiatrist, or health professional that they have ADHD on prior interview questions. 23 Question item only asked if participant both self-reports ADHD and reports having been told by a doctor, psychiatrist, or health professional that they have ADHD, and that they have not received treatment for ADHD in the past year on prior interview questions. Data for this question is not reported in a re-based format. 24 Question item only asked if participant self-reports ADHD on prior interview question. Weighted data, not adjusting for strata or PSU.

H. Additional analyses on autism

Samuel Tromans, Zoe Morgan Results 1.H.1 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) endorsing AQ items (APMS 2007-2024) AQ20 Positive response

AQ20Positive responseScore2007 n2007 %2007 95% CI2014 n2014 %2014 95% CI2024 n2024 %2024 95% CI
d in
the
AQ17
AQ items
ASover I prefer to do things the same way over and over againSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes462263.1(61.8, 64.4)432762.2(60.8, 63.5)402766.4(64.8, 68.0)
ASsound I often notice small sounds when others do notSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes206228.9(27.6, 30.1)206930.9(29.7, 32.1)218939.6(38.0, 41.3)
ASpolite Other people frequently tell me that what I've said is impolite, even though I think it is politeSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes109615.8(14.8, 16.8)101715.4(14.4, 16.4)118220.3(18.9, 21.7)
ASdates I am fascinated by datesSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes99513.3(12.4, 14.2)94414.3(13.3, 15.2)98017.0(15.8, 18.2)
ASsocsit I find social situations easySlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes167622.6(21.5, 23.7)187426.0(24.8, 27.2)194331.8(30.2, 33.4)
ASdetail I tend to notice the details that others do notSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes478166.4(65.2, 67.7)446865.0(63.7, 66.3)404868.7(67.1, 70.2)
ASpeople I find myself drawn more strongly to people than to thingsSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes193126.1(25.0, 27.2)258636.7(35.4, 38.0)234538.3(36.7, 39.9)
AStalk When I talk, it isn't always easy for others to get a word in edgewaysSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes226630.9(29.8, 32.1)184325.9(24.8, 27.0)173727.8(26.2, 29.3)
ASstory When I'm reading a story, I find it difficult to work out the characters intentionsSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes150820.2(19.2, 21.3)125517.7(16.7, 18.8)117918.5(17.2, 19.8)
ASfriend I find it easy to make new friends.25Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes158820.7(19.8, 21.7)167322.8(21.6, 23.9)175228.3(26.8, 29.8)
ASlisten I know how to tell if someone listening to me is getting boredSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes80110.5(9.7, 11.3)82211.9(11.0, 12.8)85613.7(12.5, 15.0)
ASBlines I find it easy to 'read between the lines' when someone is talking to meSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeNoNRNRNR124817.6(16.6, 18.6)98816.4(15.1, 17.7)

25 In the APMS, this question is worded as ‘I find it hard to make new friends’ in the original version of the AQ. This was reworded in APMS and the scoring has been adapted accordingly.

ASGoOn People often tell me that I keep going on and on about the same thingSlightly agree, definitely agreeNoNRNRNR188627.9(26.8, 29.1)179430.4(28.8, 32.0)
ASdomore I find it easy to do more than one thing at onceSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes169021.6(20.6, 22.7)156121.5(20.4, 22.6)179527.8(26.4, 29.2)
ASphone When I talk on the phone, I'm not sure when it's my turn to speakSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes118115.8(14.9, 16.8)125817.8(16.8, 18.8)125520.8(19.4, 22.1)
ASface I find it easy to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their faceSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes153620.3(19.3, 21.3)145820.4(19.4, 21.4)149422.7(21.2, 24.2)
ASinform I like to collect information about categories of things (e.g. types of car, bird, train, plant)Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes186025.6(24.5, 26.7)175026.3(25.1, 27.5)179230.8(29.3, 32.4)
ASRout It does not upset me if my daily routine is disturbedSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeNoNRNRNR237432.9(31.7, 34.0)248541.1(39.4, 42.8)
ASsococc I enjoy social occasionsSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes85810.9(10.1, 11.8)110614.8(13.9, 15.7)117918.4(17.0, 19.7)
ASdob I am not very good at remembering people's date of birthSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes296739.7(38.4, 41.0)308843.7(42.2, 45.1)255242.6(40.9, 44.2)
AQ17 overall score
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 1: Total score coded as missing if >1 items are missing8+-78810.6(9.7, 11.4)98913.4(12.6, 14.3)117018.1(16.8, 19.4)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 2: Total score coded as missing if >3 items are missing (if 1-3 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)8+-80110.8(10.0, 11.7)101014.5(13.5, 15.4)119420.3(18.9, 21.7)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 3: Total score coded as missing if >2 items are missing (if 1-2 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)8+-79910.9(10.0, 11.7)100414.5(13.6, 15.4)119220.4(19.0, 21.8)
AQ domains26Domain items27200720072014201420242024
mean95% CImean95% CImean95% CI
AQ domain scores
Attention switching2: ASover; ASdomore0.8(0.8, 0.9)0.8(0.8, 0.9)0.9(0.9, 1.0)
Attention to detail4: ASsound; ASdates; ASdetail; ASdob1.5(1.5, 1.5)1.5(1.5, 1.6)1.7(1.6, 1.7)
Communication4: ASpolite; AStalk; ASlisten; ASphone0.7(0.7, 0.8)0.7(0.7, 0.7)0.8(0.8, 0.9)
Social skill5: ASsocsit; ASpeople; ASfriend; ASface; ASsococc1.0(1.0, 1.0)1.2(1.2, 1.2)1.4(1.3, 1.4)
Imagination2: ASstory; ASinform0.5(0.4, 0.5)0.4(0.4, 0.5)0.5(0.5, 0.5)
ItemsvariableNn%95% CI
Do you think that you might have EVER experienced any of these? - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)PYCHDIAG1 2203 _69061653.4(2.8, 4.0)
Did a doctor, psychiatrist or health professional tell you have Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?28
YesPYCHDIAG231645934.2(28.8, 39.6)
Waiting for an assessmentPYCHDIAG231642013.8(9.0, 18.5)
NoPDg21Doc ReB _6905591.2(0.8, 1.5)
Has autism spectrum disorder (ASD) been present in the past year?29PDg21Ly ReB _6905561.1(0.7, 1.5)
In the last 12 months, have you had any therapy, medication or other treatment for autism spectrum disorder?2PDg21LyTr ReB _6905100.1(0.0, 0.2)
In the last 12 months, have you had any therapy, medication or other treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?PYCHDIAG53591011.6(4.5, 18.7)
Would you have liked to have received any therapy, medication or other treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?PYCHDIAG5TR3493065.2(47.4, 82.9)

26 Domains to which corresponding items are mapped is described here: Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R. et al. The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31, 5–17 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005653411471 27 Domain scores are calculated based on the total number of positive responses to domain-specific AQ items (with a positive response being assigned a value of 1, and a negative response a value of 0). Items that are non-scoring items on the AQ-17 (i.e., The additional 3 AQ question items that do not feed into the AQ-17 score) have not been incorporated into domain scores, as these were not reported for 2007. 28 Question item only asked if participant self-reports ASD on prior interview question. 29 Question item only asked if participant both self-reports ASD and reports having been told by a doctor, psychiatrist, or health professional that they have ASD on prior interview questions.

20242024
Mean95% CI
N=5895% CI
How old were you when you first had autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?21.1(18.5, 23.8)
AQ itemPositive responsesOnSex200720142023/4
AQ-n / Nn / NWeighted95% CI95% CIn / Nn / NWeighted95% CI95% CIn / Nn / NWeighted95% CI95% CI
17?%%%
ASover I prefer to do things the same way over and over again.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale2097 / 316465.9(64.0, 67.8)1877/ 287664.5(62.5, 66.6)1810/ 259270.4(68.3, 72.6)
Female2525 / 416360.4(58.7, 62.2)2450/ 418259.9(58.3, 61.5)2214/ 351162.5(60.5, 64.5)
Overall4622 / 732763.1(61.8, 64.4)432762.2(60.8, 63.5)4027 /610966.4(64.8, 68.0)
ASsound I often notice small sounds when others do not.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale907 / 316629.8(28.1, 31.6)845/ 287531.0(29.1, 32.8)892/ 258839.2(36.7, 41.7)
Female1155 / 417128.0(26.4, 29.6)1224/ 418830.8(29.2, 32.4)1294/ 351140.0(37.9, 42.0)
Overall2062 / 733728.9(27.6, 30.1)206930.9(29.7, 32.1)2189/ 610539.6(38.0, 41.3)
ASpolite Other people frequently tell me that what I've said is impolite, even though I think it is polite.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale627 / 317020.1(18.5, 21.7)532/ 287618.5(16.9, 20.1)590/ 258624.4(22.1, 26.6)
Female469 / 417311.6(10.5, 12.8)485/ 418712.3(11.1, 13.6)591/ 351516.6(14.8, 18.3)
Overall1096 / 734315.8(14.8, 16.8)101715.4(14.4, 16.4)1182/ 610720.3(18.9, 21.7)
ASdates I am fascinated by dates.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale535 / 316716.0(14.6, 17.4)482/ 287617.0(15.5, 18.6)482/ 258219.6(17.6, 21.6)
Female460 / 416810.7(9.8, 11.7)462/ 418311.6(10.4, 12.8)495/ 350214.5(13.0, 15.9)
Overall995 / 733513.3(12.4, 14.2)94414.3(13.3, 15.2)980/ 609017.0(15.8, 18.2)
ASsocsit I find social situations easy.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale710 / 316922.0(20.4, 23.6)764/ 76426.0(24.2, 27.8)799/ 258731.6(29.4, 33.9)
Female966 / 417323.2(21.8, 24.5)1110/ 419026.0(24.4, 27.5)1139/ 351831.8(29.9, 33.7)
Overall1676 / 734222.6(21.5, 23.7)187426.0(24.8, 27.2)1943/ 611131.8(30.2, 33.4)
ASdetail I tend to notice the details that others do not.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale2115 / 315768.3(66.5, 70.1)1902/ 287268.2(66.2, 70.3)1767/ 257771.2(69.0, 73.5)
Female2666 / 415964.6(63.0, 66.2)2566/ 418261.8(60.1, 63.6)2278/ 350766.3(64.2, 68.4)
Overall4781 / 731666.4(65.2, 67.7)446865.0(63.7, 66.3)4048/ 609068.7(67.1, 70.2)
ASpeople I find myself drawn more strongly to people than to things.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale970 / 314830.3(28.7, 31.9)1165/ 285139.5(37.4, 41.5)1087/ 257042.1(39.7, 44.5)
Female961 / 413322.1(20.8, 23.5)1421/ 417134.1(32.5, 35.7)1255/ 349034.7(32.7, 36.7)
Overall1931 / 728126.1(25.0, 27.2)258636.7(35.4, 38.0)2345/ 606638.3(36.7, 39.9)
AStalk When I talk, it isn't always easy for others to get a word in edgeways.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale922 / 316829.1(27.4, 30.8)731/ 287225.6(23.8, 27.4)695/ 258526.7(24.7, 28.7)
Female1344 / 417132.6(31.0, 34.3)1112/ 419226.2(24.7, 27.7)1041/ 351228.8(26.9, 30.8)
Overall2266 / 733930.9(29.8, 32.1)184325.9(24.8, 27.0)1737/ 610327.8(26.2, 29.3)
ASstory When I'm reading a story, I find it difficult to work out the characters intentions.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale749 / 311723.2(21.6, 24.9)622/ 284021.3(19.5, 23.0)574/ 256320.5(18.6, 22.5)
Female759 / 413117.4(16.1, 18.7)633/ 416114.3(13.1, 15.6)605/ 348916.6(15.1, 18.2)
Overall1508 / 724820.2(19.2, 21.3)125517.7(16.7, 18.8)1179/ 605818.5(17.2, 19.8)
ASfriend I find it easy to make new friends.30Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale699 / 316720.7(19.2, 22.3)754/ 287224.4(22.7, 26.1)775/ 258729.6(27.4, 31.8)
Female889 / 417620.7(19.5, 22.0)919/ 419421.2(19.8, 22.6)974/ 351026.9(25.1, 28.7)
Overall1588 / 734320.7(19.8, 21.7)167322.8(21.6, 23.9)1752/ 610328.3(26.8, 29.8)
ASlistenSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale378 / 316111.2(10.0, 12.5)353/ 286312.6(11.3, 13.9)389/ 257814.8(12.9, 16.7)
Female423 / 41529.8(8.7, 10.8)469/ 418011.2(10.1, 12.3)465/ 351012.6(11.2, 14.1)
Overall801 / 731310.5(9.7, 11.3)82211.9(11.0, 12.8)856/ 609413.7(12.5, 15.0)

Male 378 / 3161 11.2 (10.0, 12.5) 353/ 2863 12.6 (11.3, 13.9) 389/ 2578 14.8 (12.9, 16.7) Female 423 / 4152 9.8 (8.7, 10.8) 469/ 4180 11.2 (10.1, 12.3) 465/ 3510 12.6 (11.2, 14.1) Overall 801 / 7313 10.5 (9.7, 11.3) 822 11.9 (11.0, 12.8) 856/ 6094 13.7 (12.5, 15.0)

I know how to tell if someone listening to me is getting bored.
ASBlines I find it easy to 'read between the lines' when someone is talking to me.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeNoMaleNRNRNR540/ 285817.6(16.0, 19.2)423/ 258316.1(14.2, 18.0)
FemaleNRNRNR708/ 417217.6(16.3, 18.9)562/ 350416.6(14.9, 18.3)
OverallNRNRNR124817.6(16.6, 18.6)988/ 609316.4(15.1, 17.7)
ASGoOn People often tell me that I keep going on and on about the same thing.Slightly agree, definitely agreeNoMaleNRNRNR846/ 287830.2(28.4, 31.9)822/ 258532.4(30.1, 34.8)
FemaleNRNRNR1040/ 419025.7(24.2, 27.3)970/ 351628.5(26.6, 30.5)
OverallNRNRNR188627.9(26.8, 29.1)1794/ 610730.4(28.8, 32.0)
ASdomore I find it easy to do more than one thing at once.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale989 / 316528.4(26.7, 30.1)905/ 287628.2(26.3, 30.0)940/ 258533.4(31.3, 35.6)
Female701 / 417215.2(14.1, 16.4)656/ 419215.1(13.8, 16.3)850/ 351422.3(20.5, 24.1)
Overall1690 / 733721.6(20.6, 22.7)156121.5(20.4, 22.6)1795/ 610527.8(26.4, 29.2)
ASphone When I talk on the phone, I'm not sure when it's my turn to speak.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale538 / 316016.8(15.4, 18.3)553/ 286718.6(17.0, 20.2)527/ 258220.4(18.4, 22.4)
Female643 / 416614.9(13.7, 16.0)705/ 418217.0(15.7, 18.3)726/ 351221.0(19.2, 22.7)
Overall1181 / 732615.8(14.9, 16.8)125817.8(16.8, 18.8)1255/ 610020.8(19.4, 22.1)
ASface I find it easy to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their face.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale792 / 316123.7(22.1, 25.2)717/ 286823.5(21.9, 25.1)746/ 258226.4(24.3, 28.5)
Female744 / 416317.1(15.9, 18.4)741/ 418717.4(16.1, 18.7)747/ 350919.3(17.5, 21.1)
Overall1536 / 732420.3(19.3, 21.3)145820.4(19.4, 21.4)1494/ 609722.7(21.2, 24.2)
ASinform I like to collect information about categories of thingsSlightly agree, definitely agreeYesMale1120 / 316535.0(33.3, 36.6)1019/ 287435.1(33.2, 37.0)1055/ 258441.0(38.8, 43.1)
Female740 / 416416.8(15.6, 18.0)731/ 419317.9(16.6, 19.2)734/ 351121.2(19.5, 23.0)
Overall1860 / 732925.6(24.5, 26.7)175026.3(25.1, 27.5)1792/ 610130.8(29.3, 32.4)
ASRout It does not upset me if my daily routine is disturbed.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeNoMaleNRNRNR925/ 287731.0(29.2, 32.7)1023/ 258740.3(37.8, 42.7)
FemaleNRNRNR1449/ 419434.7(33.1, 36.3)1458/ 351441.8(39.7, 44.0)
OverallNRNRNR237432.9(31.7, 34.0)2485/ 610741.1(39.4, 42.8)
ASsococc I enjoy social occasions.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale397 / 317311.7(10.4, 12.9)507/ 287715.8(14.4, 17.2)529/ 258920.0(18.0, 22.0)
Female461 / 417810.2(9.2, 11.3)599/ 419213.8(12.6, 15.0)648/ 351316.8(15.2, 18.4)
Overall858 / 735110.9(10.1, 11.8)110614.8(13.9, 15.7)1179/ 610818.4(17.0, 19.7)
ASdob I am not very good at remembering people's date of birth.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYesMale916 / 317229.2(27.4, 31.0)955/ 287835.5(33.4, 37.6)852/ 258635.0(32.5, 37.4)
Female2051/ 417849.7(48.1, 51.3)2133/ 419251.5(49.8, 53.2)1698/ 351349.8(47.8, 51.9)
Overall2967 / 735039.7(38.4, 41.0)308843.7(42.2, 45.1)2552/ 610542.6(40.9, 44.2)
AQ17 overall scores
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 1: Total score coded as missing if >1 items are missing8+-Male430 / 319713.0(11.6-14.3)518/ 305816.2(14.8, 17.6)583/ 294021.7(19.6, 23.8)
Female358 / 42068.3(7.4, 9.3)471/ 448810.7(9.6, 11.8)585/ 396514.7(13.1, 16.2)
Overall788 / 740310.6(9.7, 11.4)989/ 754613.4(12.6, 14.3)1170/ 691218.1(16.8, 19.4)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 2: Total score coded as missing if >3 items are missing (if 1-3 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)8+-Male437 / 315513.3(11.9, 14.7)527/ 286617.4(15.8, 18.9)593/ 257424.2(22.0, 26.4)
Female364 / 41538.5(7.6, 9.5)483/ 418211.7(10.5, 12.8)599/ 350416.6(14.9, 18.3)
Overall801 / 730810.8(10.0, 11.7)1010/ 704814.5(13.5, 15.4)1195/ 608420.3(18.9, 21.7)
8+-Male435/ 313013.3(11.9, 14.7)524/ 285117.4(15.9, 18.9)591/ 256324.3(22.0, 26.5)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 3: Total score coded as missing if >2 items are missing (if 1-2 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)Female364/ 41238.6(7.6, 9.5)480/ 415911.7(10.5, 12.8)599/ 348816.7(15.0, 18.3)
Overall799/ 725310.9(10.0, 11.7)1004/ 701014.5(13.6, 15.4)1192/ 605720.4(19.0, 21.8)
AQ itemPositive responsesOnAge200720142023/4
AQ-n / Nn / NWeighted %95% CI95% CIn / Nn / NWeighted %95% CI95% CIn / Nn / NWeighted %95% CI95% CI
17?
ASover I prefer to do things the same way over and over again.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24377/ 56466.8(63.4, 70.2)380/ 54769.3(66.3, 72.4)210/ 29171.1(68.6, 73.7)
25-34644/ 102662.4(59.4, 65.4)677/ 99766.7(63.5, 69.8)532/ 75569.5(66.7, 72.3)
35-44803/ 140357.7(55.0, 60.5)695/ 112961.8(59.1, 64.6)626/ 96465.1(62.6, 67.6)
45-54655/ 112759.4(56.5, 62.3)685/ 124055.7(52.9, 58.5)639/ 92968.4(65.8, 71.0)
55-64796/ 127163.0(60.4, 65.6)656/ 115257.7(54.6, 60.8)712/ 111262.6(59.8, 65.3)
65-74690/ 101768.2(65.2, 71.2)695/ 111661.9(59.1, 64.7)706/ 111064.1(61.5, 66.7)
75+657/ 91971.4(68.5, 74.3)539/ 87762.6(59.7, 65.4)597/ 94062.4(59.7, 65.1)
ASsound I often notice small sounds when others do not.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24217/ 56437.9(34.3, 41.5)247/ 54745.4(42.2, 48.5)173/ 29159.6(56.6, 62.6)
25-34283/ 102527.9(25.4, 30.4)361/ 99536.0(33.2, 38.8)408/ 75552.4(49.2, 55.6)
35-44397/ 140629.1(26.6, 31.6)337/ 112829.1(26.3, 31.8)397/ 96440.0(37.4, 42.6)
45-54294/ 112725.2(22.9, 27.6)331/ 123925.9(23.3, 28.4)349/ 92936.4(33.7, 39.0)
55-64325/ 127425.2(22.9, 27.4)316/ 115627.5(25.1, 29.9)354/ 111031.4(28.7, 34.1)
65-74298/ 101929.9(26.9, 33.0)277/ 111824.6(22.2, 27.0)299/ 110726.9(24.5, 29.3)
75+248/ 92227.6(24.7, 30.5)200/ 88023.9(21.4, 26.4)205/ 94223.6(21.3, 26.0)
ASpolite Other people frequently tell me that what I've said is impolite, even though I think it is polite.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24114/ 56420.2(17.3, 23.1)121/ 54821.9(19.2, 24.7)101/ 29135.1(31.7, 38.6)
25-34141/ 102514.8(12.7, 16.9)159/ 99516.4(14.0, 18.8)178/ 75420.9(18.0, 23.9)
35-44210/ 140515.2(13.0, 17.3)163/ 112614.7(12.6, 16.7)189/ 96318.7(16.7, 20.8)
45-54172/ 112615.3(13.3, 17.3)166/ 123913.8(12.0, 15.6)165/ 92917.6(15.3, 19.9)
55-64177/ 127614.8(12.8, 16.8)165/ 115514.3(12.4, 16.3)212/ 111018.7(16.3, 21.1)
65-74152/ 102315.4(13.0, 17.8)150/ 112013.4(11.5, 15.3)196/ 110716.2(14.1, 18.3)
75+130/ 92414.6(12.2, 17.0)93/ 88011.1(9.1, 13.2)136/ 94513.4(11.6, 15.1)
ASdates I am fascinated by dates.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-2474/ 56412.6(10.1, 15.1)112/ 54822.1(19.2, 25.0)76/ 29026.4(23.1, 29.7)
25-34116/ 102311.9(9.7, 14.1)136/ 99314.4(12.0, 16.8)154/ 75320.0(17.6, 22.4)
35-44149/ 140510.7(9.0, 12.4)122/ 112411.2(9.3, 13.0)173/ 96216.9(14.8, 19.0)
45-54144/ 112812.8(10.7, 14.9)128/ 123910.7(9.1, 12.4)135/ 92713.4(11.3, 15.4)
55-64167/ 127313.0(11.2, 14.9)154/ 115513.7(11.7, 15.8)139/ 110912.4(10.4, 14.3)
65-74197/ 102219.9(17.3, 22.6)150/ 111813.0(11.2, 14.9)154/ 110514.4(12.7, 16.1)
75+148/ 92016.6(14.1, 19.0)142/ 88216.1(13.9, 18.3)144/ 93615.3(13.4, 17.1)
ASsocsit I find social situations easy.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-24138/ 56423.2(20.2, 26.1)159/ 54827.9(25.4, 30.4)118/ 29138.6(34.8, 42.5)
25-34236/ 102721.6(19.1, 24.2)270/ 99625.1(22.5, 27.7)298/ 75536.9(33.5, 40.2)
35-44379/ 140626.0(23.6, 28.4)323/ 112928.0(25.4, 30.7)333/ 96333.1(30.5, 35.7)
45-54282/ 112924.0(21.4, 26.6)381/ 123930.0(27.4, 32.5)352/ 93033.3(30.4, 36.1)
55-64313/ 127424.1(21.5, 26.7)339/ 115427.4(25.0, 29.9)363/ 111130.3(27.8, 32.8)
65-74174/ 101917.9(15.5, 20.3)233/ 112120.0(18.0, 22.1)281/ 110824.9(22.9, 26.9)
75+154/ 92316.4(14.2, 18.6)169/ 88018.3(16.1, 20.6)198/ 94520.5(18.3, 22.6)
ASdetail I tend to notice the details that others do not.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24389/ 56368.7(65.7, 71.7)364/ 54868.8(65.9, 71.7)210/ 29170.3(66.8, 73.8)
25-34688/ 102568.4(65.5, 71.3)682/ 99670.0(67.3, 72.7)567/ 75475.4(72.4, 78.4)
35-44924/ 140365.5(63.0, 68.1)732/ 112765.9(63.4, 68.5)675/ 96270.2(67.8, 72.5)
45-54752/ 112367.5(64.7, 70.2)802/ 123664.5(61.7, 67.2)654/ 92972.1(69.8, 74.3)
55-64835/ 127366.0(63.2, 68.8)706/ 115361.7(59.1, 64.4)719/ 111166.5(63.4, 69.5)
65-74665/ 101366.7(63.8, 69.7)695/ 111962.8(60.1, 65.5)685/ 110163.1(60.7, 65.6)
75+528/ 91659.0(55.4, 62.6)487/ 87556.1(53.3, 58.9)531/ 93457.2(54.3, 60.0)
ASpeopleSlightly disagree,Yes16-24118/ 56319.7(17.0, 22.4)196/ 54633.6(30.3, 36.9)103/ 29036.5(33.7, 39.3)
25-34259/ 102525.8(23.1, 28.5)391/ 99238.8(35.8, 41.9)310/ 75438.7(35.4, 42.1)
I find myself drawn more strongly to people than to things.definitely disagree35-44401/ 140129.0(26.6, 31.5)419/ 112337.8(35.0, 40.5)407/ 96343.9(41.5, 46.4)
45-54326/ 112128.6(26.2, 31.0)485/ 123339.7(36.8, 42.6)377/ 92138.7(35.6, 41.7)
55-64357/ 126327.6(25.1, 30.0)423/ 114536.7(34.0, 39.3)454/ 110339.7(36.5, 42.8)
65-74228/ 101023.2(20.8, 25.7)382/ 111334.1(31.5, 36.8)403/ 110136.7(34.0, 39.3)
75+242/ 89827.0(24.5, 29.6)290/ 87033.5(30.6, 36.3)289/ 92630.0(27.5, 32.5)
AStalk When I talk, it isn't always easy for others to get a word in edgeways.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24186/ 56433.1(29.6, 36.6)160/ 54828.5(25.5, 31.5)98/ 29031.5(28.0, 35.0)
25-34327/ 102630.8(28.0, 33.7)281/ 99727.3(24.5, 30.0)215/ 75424.5(21.8, 27.3)
35-44432/ 140430.4(27.9, 32.9)286/ 112724.7(22.3, 27.0)277/ 96326.6(24.1, 29.1)
45-54370/ 112732.7(30.0, 35.3)346/ 123827.0(24.6, 29.4)278/ 93029.2(26.8, 31.5)
55-64374/ 127429.1(26.3, 31.9)288/ 115224.9(22.5, 27.2)319/ 110930.2(27.8, 32.7)
65-74311/ 102230.9(28.2, 33.6)271/ 112024.5(22.1, 26.9)282/ 110924.6(22.5, 26.7)
75+266/ 92228.6(25.6, 31.6)211/ 88222.6(20.1, 25.1)261/ 94027.7(25.0, 30.4)
ASstory When I'm reading a story, I find it difficult to work out the characters intentions.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24124/ 55721.2(18.3, 24.1)104/ 54617.0(14.6, 19.4)67/ 29120.8(18.3, 23.4)
25-34152/ 102215.1(13.0, 17.1)155/ 99417.1(14.5, 19.7)152/ 75418.2(16.2, 20.2)
35-44240/ 139316.9(14.9, 19.0)167/ 112016.3(14.2, 18.4)163/ 95215.7(13.8, 17.7)
45-54228/ 111720.3(18.0, 22.7)195/ 123216.2(13.9, 18.4)163/ 92516.2(14.3, 18.1)
55-64267/ 125521.8(19.4, 24.2)216/ 114218.2(15.9, 20.6)217/ 110419.3(17.0, 21.6)
65-74253/ 100125.2(22.6, 27.7)221/ 110320.0(17.5, 22.5)221/ 110319.8(17.7, 21.9)
75+244/ 90327.3(24.4, 30.3)197/ 86422.3(19.8, 24.8)195/ 92121.2(19.0, 23.4)
ASfriend I find it easy to make new friends.31Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-24108/ 56417.5(15.1, 19.9)133/ 54821.6(18.7, 24.5)96/ 29131.3(28.3, 34.4)
25-34213/ 102819.1(16.7, 21.6)214/ 99821.1(18.4, 23.9)253/ 75532.1(28.7, 35.5)
35-44310/ 140822.0(19.7, 24.2)257/ 112822.7(20.5, 24.9)268/ 96326.7(24.3, 29.2)
45-54266/ 112922.6(20.4, 24.8)302/ 123923.4(21.0, 25.7)291/ 92927.8(25.5, 30.2)
55-64283/ 127421.9(19.7, 24.2)332/ 115228.0(25.5, 30.5)336/ 111029.2(26.5, 31.8)
65-74199/ 102119.1(16.7, 21.6)239/ 112120.4(18.2, 22.5)287/ 110925.4(23.1, 27.6)
75+209/ 91922.6(19.9, 25.3)196/ 88021.8(19.4, 24.3)220/ 93823.3(20.9, 25.6)
ASlisten I know how to tell if someone listening to me is getting bored.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-2462/ 56410.6(8.4, 12.8)66/ 54711.9(9.6, 14.2)55/ 29117.6(14.4, 20.7)
25-3496/ 10249.2(7.5, 11.0)125/ 99713.0(11.0, 15.0)124/ 75415.0(12.5, 17.4)
35-44113/ 14047.8(6.2, 9.4)117/ 112311.4(9.7, 13.2)143/ 96214.6(12.8, 16.4)
45-54122/ 112711.0(9.2, 12.7)115/ 12389.6(7.9, 11.2)124/ 93012.6(10.7, 14.4)
55-64144/ 127111.1(9.1, 13.1)128/ 115111.0(9.1, 13.0)139/ 111211.2(9.3, 13.0)
65-74122/ 101812.2(10.2, 14.1)135/ 111112.4(10.5, 14.3)131/ 110611.1(9.4, 12.8)
75+142/ 90514.9(12.6, 17.2)136/ 87616.1(13.8, 18.3)140/ 93113.8(12.1, 15.6)
ASBlines I find it easy to 'read between the lines' when someone is talking to me.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeNo16-24124/ 54721.4(18.7, 24.1)66/ 29121.9(18.9, 24.9)
25-34159/ 99116.1(13.7, 18.6)154/ 75419.5(16.7, 22.2)
35-44183/ 112115.9(13.7, 18.1)162/ 96116.0(14.0, 17.9)
45-54203/ 123716.4(14.4, 18.3)128/ 92812.6(10.8, 14.5)
55-64227/ 115318.4(16.2, 20.5)178/ 111115.5(13.2, 17.8)
65-74170/ 111415.1(13.2, 17.1)141/ 110612.2(10.4, 13.9)
75+182/ 86721.7(19.2, 24.2)159/ 93416.6(14.6, 18.6)
ASGoOn People often tell me that I keep going on and onSlightly agree, definitely agreeNo16-24205/ 54837.3(34.1, 40.6)139/ 29144.1(40.9, 47.3)
25-34308/ 99730.5(27.6, 33.5)268/ 75533.7(30.8, 36.7)
35-44263/ 112824.6(22.0, 27.1)280/ 96228.6(26.4, 30.8)
45-54307/ 123924.6(22.3, 27.0)279/ 93028.4(25.8, 31.0)
about the same thing.55-64313/ 115527.9(25.5, 30.2)304/ 111228.1(25.4, 30.7)
65-74284/ 111825.0(22.4, 27.5)289/ 110924.6(22.5, 26.8)
75+206/ 88323.9(21.4, 26.4)229/ 94022.8(20.5, 25.1)
ASdomore I find it easy to do more than one thing at once.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-24104/ 56419.1(16.6, 21.6)124/ 54823.4(20.6, 26.3)97/ 29129.3(26.5, 32.1)
25-34132/ 102613.7(11.4, 16.0)151/ 99715.6(13.4, 17.8)227/ 75527.9(24.9, 30.9)
35-44252/ 140717.7(15.7, 19.8)181/ 112717.7(15.5, 20.0)251/ 96325.9(23.5, 28.4)
45-54211/ 112818.8(16.5, 21.1)214/ 124017.7(15.5, 19.9)272/ 92827.3(24.8, 29.8)
55-64300/ 127224.4(22.0, 26.8)272/ 115522.8(20.3, 25.2)315/ 111227.1(24.4, 29.8)
65-74306/ 101929.1(26.6, 31.5)292/ 112126.2(23.6, 28.7)298/ 110625.2(23.0, 27.4)
75+385/ 92141.8(38.5, 45.0)327/ 88036.0(33.2, 38.9)333/ 94233.6(30.9, 36.3)
ASphone When I talk on the phone, I'm not sure when it's my turn to speak.Slightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-2495/ 56417.3(14.6, 19.9)131/ 54822.7(19.7, 25.6)85/ 29129.9(26.2, 33.6)
25-34146/ 102614.7(12.6, 16.9)163/ 99615.8(13.5, 18.0)180/ 75421.4(18.7, 24.1)
35-44168/ 140411.6(9.7, 13.4)178/ 112515.8(13.8, 17.9)186/ 96219.7(17.6, 21.9)
45-54143/ 112812.6(10.6, 14.5)205/ 123917.1(14.9, 19.4)170/ 92715.9(13.9, 17.8)
55-64224/ 127317.9(15.8, 20.0)201/ 115116.6(14.4, 18.8)239/ 111220.7(18.5, 23.0)
65-74198/ 101719.7(17.1, 22.3)206/ 112018.1(15.8, 20.3)212/ 110718.3(16.4, 20.3)
75+207/ 91423.0(20.2, 25.8)174/ 87020.1(18.0, 22.2)182/ 93919.5(17.2, 21.9)
ASface I find it easy to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their face.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-24116/ 56420.5(17.9, 23.1)105/ 54819.3(16.8, 21.8)73/ 29123.6(20.7, 26.4)
25-34178/ 102616.9(14.6, 19.3)170/ 99717.8(15.5, 20.2)174/ 75420.7(17.6, 23.8)
35-44255/ 140617.9(15.8, 20.0)157/ 112614.8(12.7, 16.8)215/ 96221.6(19.3, 23.8)
45-54225/ 112720.1(17.4, 22.8)231/ 123819.5(17.3, 21.6)188/ 92719.1(16.8, 21.4)
55-64276/ 127322.3(19.9, 24.7)270/ 115423.7(21.3, 26.1)265/ 111022.5(20.0, 25.0)
65-74240/ 101522.4(19.7, 25.0)262/ 111723.1(21.0, 25.2)290/ 110725.8(23.4, 28.1)
75+246/ 91326.5(23.8, 29.1)263/ 87530.8(27.8, 33.8)287/ 93828.9(26.5, 31.4)
ASinform I like to collect information about categories of thingsSlightly agree, definitely agreeYes16-24138/ 56425.2(22.3, 28.2)154/ 54830.2(27.4, 33.1)122/ 29141.6(38.8, 44.5)
25-34190/ 102520.4(17.8, 23.0)214/ 99724.3(21.2, 27.4)235/ 75532.4(29.4, 35.5)
35-44269/ 140220.3(17.9, 22.7)248/ 112723.8(21.1, 26.6)278/ 96229.7(27.2, 32.2)
45-54257/ 112824.2(21.5, 26.8)242/ 123822.2(19.7, 24.8)233/ 92723.9(21.6, 26.2)
55-64355/ 127229.0(26.5, 31.5)254/ 115423.3(20.9, 25.7)273/ 111126.0(23.7, 28.3)
65-74348/ 101835.1(32.4, 37.9)358/ 112132.7(29.9, 35.5)334/ 110730.9(28.6, 33.2)
75+303/ 92033.8(30.6, 37.1)280/ 88232.6(29.8, 35.5)311/ 94033.2(30.7, 35.7)
ASRout It does not upset me if my daily routine is disturbed.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeNo16-24191/ 54833.8(30.8, 36.8)137/ 29145.7(42.7, 48.6)
25-34383/ 99836.0(33.3, 38.8)360/ 75547.4(43.9, 50.8)
35-44398/ 112833.0(30.3, 35.6)405/ 96140.1(37.3, 43.0)
45-54398/ 123931.1(28.5, 33.7)414/ 92843.6(41.1, 46.1)
55-64387/ 115533.1(30.4, 35.9)456/ 111240.0(37.1, 42.8)
65-74345/ 112130.8(28.1, 33.4)374/ 110931.9(29.3, 34.6)
75+272/ 88230.8(28.0, 33.5)338/ 94334.8(32.2, 37.5)
ASsococc I enjoy social occasions.Slightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-2448/ 5648.3(6.2, 10.4)81/ 54813.4(11.4, 15.4)62/ 29220.2(18.3, 22.1)
25-3492/ 10278.3(6.6, 10.0)124/ 99711.4(9.3, 13.5)171/ 75520.1(17.5, 22.8)
35-44160/ 140811.2(9.5, 12.9)181/ 112815.9(13.8, 18.0)196/ 96219.1(16.7, 21.6)
45-54138/ 112911.5(9.8, 13.3)224/ 123917.8(15.7, 19.8)216/ 92820.2(17.9, 22.5)
55-64160/ 127611.8(10.0, 13.6)232/ 115418.3(16.2, 20.5)231/ 111218.3(16.4, 20.2)
65-74132/ 102113.3(11.0, 15.7)153/ 112213.0(11.3, 14.8)167/ 110914.3(12.5, 16.0)
75+128/ 92614.1(11.8, 16.4)111/ 88112.6(10.6, 14.6)136/ 94213.9(11.8, 16.1)
ASdob I am not very good at rememberingSlightly disagree, definitely disagreeYes16-24241/ 56442.4(38.7, 46.1)261/ 54848.2(45.0, 51.4)134/ 29143.7(39.3, 48.1)
25-34437/ 102740.1(37.0, 43.2)457/ 99844.3(41.1, 47.4)354/ 75444.6(41.3, 48.0)
35-44592/ 140741.1(38.6, 43.7)512/ 112943.9(40.9, 46.9)430/ 96244.7(41.7, 47.6)
45-54436/ 112837.6(34.9, 40.4)559/ 123944.7(41.9, 47.6)390/ 92842.8(40.2, 45.4)
people's date of birth.55-64488/ 127636.8(34.2, 39.4)480/ 115240.8(37.9, 43.7)461/ 111242.6(39.8, 45.4)
65-74408/ 102240.1(37.3, 43.0)454/ 112240.4(37.6, 43.2)435/ 110939.3(36.7, 41.9)
75+365/ 92639.8(36.7, 42.9)365/ 88241.2(37.9, 44.4)346/ 94137.9(35.2, 40.7)
AQ17 overall scores
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 1: Total score coded as missing if >1 items are missing8+-16-2466/ 56811.1(8.9, 13.3)114/ 56019.0(16.7, 21.3)99/ 31631.4(27.7, 35.1)
25-3490/ 10358.8(7.2, 10.5)144/ 103513.4(11.3, 15.5)217/ 84223.3(20.6, 26.1)
35-44151/ 141310.7(8.9, 12.6)136/ 118011.5(9.6, 13.3)199/ 107417.7(15.6, 19.7)
45-54112/ 11309.7(8.0, 11.4)162/ 129412.6(10.7, 14.5)189/ 104715.7(13.7, 17.8)
55-64122/ 12799.6(8.0, 11.3)183/ 122614.5(12.6, 16.5)193/ 124115.0(12.9, 17.0)
65-74131/ 102813.4(11.2, 15.6)135/ 118911.3(9.5, 13.1)156/ 123411.7(10.0, 13.4)
75+116/ 95012.5(10.5, 14.6)115/ 106210.9(9.3, 12.5)115/ 11469.8(8.4, 11.2)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 2: Total score coded as missing if >3 items are missing (if 1-3 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)8+-16-2466/ 56411.1(8.9, 13.4)114/ 54719.3(17.0, 21.7)99/ 29133.1(29.2, 37.0)
25-3491/ 10259.1(7.4, 10.8)146/ 99614.2(12.1, 16.4)217/ 75425.5(22.5, 28.5)
35-44154/ 140311.0(9.2, 12.8)137/ 112612.2(10.3, 14.2)204/ 96020.0(17.8, 22.2)
45-54113/ 11249.8(8.1, 11.5)166/ 123513.3(11.4, 15.2)196/ 92618.1(15.9, 20.4)
55-64124/ 12719.8(8.2, 11.5)188/ 115115.8(13.7, 17.9)197/ 111116.7(14.6, 18.9)
65-74134/ 101713.8(11.6, 16.0)138/ 111812.2(10.4, 14.1)160/ 110313.2(11.6, 14.8)
75+119/ 90413.5(11.3, 15.7)121/ 87513.9(12.0, 15.8)119/ 93112.2(10.6, 13.8)
Total AQ-17 score of 8+: Method 3 Total score coded as missing if 2+ items are missing (if 1-2 items are missing, missing items are scored as ‘0’)8+-16-2466/ 56411.1(8.9, 13.4)114/ 54719.3(17.0, 21.7)99/ 29033.2(29.3, 37.1)
25-3491/ 10229.1(7.4, 10.8)145/ 99014.3(12.1, 16.5)217/ 75425.5(22.5, 28.5)
35-44153/ 139810.9(9.1, 12.8)137/ 111912.3(10.4, 14.3)203/ 95720.0(17.8, 22.2)
45-54113/ 11189.9(8.1, 11.6)165/ 123413.3(11.4, 15.1)196/ 92318.2(15.9, 20.4)
55-64124/ 125910.0(8.3, 11.6)185/ 114515.7(13.6, 17.7)196/ 110716.8(14.6, 19.0)
65-74133/ 100513.8(11.6, 16.1)137/ 110712.3(10.4, 14.2)160/ 110113.3(11.7, 14.9)
75+119/ 88713.7(11.6, 15.9)121/ 86814.0(12.1, 15.9)119/ 91712.3(10.7, 14.0)

1.H.9 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) AQ17 domain scores, by sex (APMS 2007-2024) AQ domain

AQ domainNumber of itemsSex200720142023/4
score32NMean95% CINMean95% CINMean95% CI
Attention switching2 (ASover; ASdomore)Male31550.9(0.9, 1.0)28710.9(0.9, 1.0)25851.0(1.0, 1.1)
Female41550.8(0.7, 0.8)41790.7(0.7, 0.8)35060.8(0.8, 0.9)
Attention to detail4 (ASsound; ASdates; ASdetail; ASdob)Male31421.4(1.4, 1.5)28661.5(1.5, 1.6)25651.7(1.6, 1.7)
Female41421.5(1.5, 1.6)41601.6(1.5, 1.6)34831.7(1.7, 1.8)
Communication4 (ASpolite; AStalk; ASlisten; ASphone)Male31420.8(0.7, 0.8)28500.8(0.7, 0.8)25650.9(0.8, 0.9)
Female41380.7(0.7, 0.7)41600.7(0.6, 0.7)34970.8(0.7, 0.8)
Social skill5 (ASsocsit; ASpeople; ASfriend; ASface; ASsococc)Male31261.1(1.0, 1.1)28361.3(1.2, 1.3)25581.5(1.4, 1.6)
Female41120.9(0.9, 1.0)41551.1(1.1, 1.2)34761.3(1.2, 1.4)
Imagination2 (ASstory; ASinform)Male31130.6(0.6, 0.6)28390.6(0.5, 0.6)25570.6(0.6, 0.6)
Female41230.3(0.3, 0.4)41600.3(0.3, 0.3)34850.4(0.3, 0.4)

Male 3113 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) 2839 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) 2557 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) Female 4123 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) 4160 0.3 (0.3, 0.3) 3485 0.4 (0.3, 0.4)

1.H.10 AQ: Proportion of adults (aged 16+) AQ17 domain scores, by age (APMS 2007-2024) AQ domain

AQ domainAQ itemsAge group200720142023/4
score33(Years)NMean95% CINMean95% CINMean95% CI
Attention switching2 (ASover; ASdomore)16-245640.9(0.8, 0.9)5470.9(0.9, 1.0)2911.0(0.9, 1.1)
25-3410250.8(0.7, 0.8)9960.8(0.8, 0.9)7551.0(0.9, 1.0)
35-4414030.8(0.7, 0.8)11260.8(0.8, 0.8)9630.9(0.9, 1.0)
45-5411260.8(0.7, 0.8)12390.7(0.7, 0.8)9271.0(0.9, 1.0)
55-6412670.9(0.8, 0.9)11500.8(0.8, 0.8)11120.9(0.8, 0.9)
65-7410141.0(0.9, 1.0)11160.9(0.8, 0.9)11050.9(0.8, 0.9)
75+9111.1(1.1, 1.2)8761.0(0.9, 1.0)9361.0(0.9, 1.0)
Attention to detail4 (ASsound; ASdates; ASdetail; ASdob)16-245631.6(1.5, 1.7)5471.8(1.7, 1.9)2902.0(1.8, 2.2)
25-3410211.5(1.4, 1.5)9911.6(1.6, 1.7)7531.9(1.8, 2.0)
35-4414011.5(1.4, 1.5)11201.5(1.4, 1.6)9581.7(1.6, 1.8)
45-5411201.4(1.4, 1.5)12341.5(1.4, 1.5)9251.6(1.6, 1.7)
55-6412671.4(1.4, 1.5)11511.4(1.4, 1.5)11061.5(1.5, 1.6)
65-7410081.6(1.5, 1.6)11121.4(1.3, 1.5)10951.4(1.4, 1.5)
75+9041.4(1.4, 1.5)8711.4(1.3, 1.4)9201.3(1.3, 1.4)
Communication4 (ASpolite; AStalk; ASlisten; ASphone)16-245640.8(0.7, 0.9)5470.8(0.8, 0.9)2901.1(1.0, 1.3)
25-3410230.7(0.6, 0.7)9930.7(0.7, 0.8)7530.8(0.7, 0.9)
35-4414000.7(0.6, 0.7)11200.7(0.6, 0.7)9580.8(0.7, 0.9)
45-5411230.7(0.7, 0.8)12350.7(0.6, 0.7)9260.7(0.7, 0.8)
55-6412660.7(0.7, 0.8)11460.7(0.6, 0.7)11070.8(0.7, 0.9)
65-7410130.8(0.7, 0.8)11060.7(0.6, 0.7)11020.7(0.6, 0.8)
75+8910.8(0.8, 0.9)8630.7(0.6, 0.8)9240.7(0.7, 0.8)
Social skill5 (ASsocsit; ASpeople; ASfriend; ASface; ASsococc)16-245630.9(0.8, 1.0)5461.2(1.0, 1.3)2901.5(1.3, 1.7)
25-3410240.9(0.8, 1.0)9911.1(1.1, 1.2)7541.5(1.3, 1.6)
35-4414001.1(1.0, 1.1)11221.2(1.1, 1.3)9581.4(1.3, 1.5)
45-5411191.1(1.0, 1.1)12291.3(1.2, 1.4)9181.4(1.3, 1.5)
55-6412571.1(1.0, 1.1)11411.3(1.2, 1.4)10991.4(1.3, 1.5)
65-749991.0(0.9, 1.0)11061.1(1.0, 1.2)10971.3(1.2, 1.4)
75+8761.1(1.0, 1.1)8561.2(1.1, 1.2)9161.2(1.1, 1.3)
Imagination2 (ASstory; ASinform)16-245570.5(0.4, 0.5)5460.5(0.4, 0.5)2910.6(0.5, 0.7)
25-3410220.4(0.3, 0.4)9940.4(0.4, 0.5)7540.5(0.5, 0.6)
35-4413920.4(0.3, 0.4)11190.4(0.4, 0.4)9510.5(0.4, 0.5)
45-5411160.4(0.4, 0.5)12320.4(0.3, 0.4)9220.4(0.4, 0.4)
55-6412540.5(0.5, 0.6)11420.4(0.4, 0.5)11030.5(0.4, 0.5)
65-749980.6(0.6, 0.7)11020.5(0.5, 0.6)11000.5(0.5, 0.5)
75+8970.6(0.6, 0.7)8640.6(0.5, 0.6)9190.5(0.5, 0.6)

I. Measurement invariance: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6) Anastasia Fadeeva, Sharon Neufeld The 6-item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6) appears to measure inattention and hyperactivity in a highly consistent way across APMS 2007, 2014, and 2024, meaning differences observed over time are likely to reflect real changes rather than changes in how ASRS-6 functions. The three-factor model appears to perform better than the two-factor model, with a separate ‘disorganisation’ factor present. These analyses, like many others in this Annex, are being prepared for peer-review journals and may be change in future publications. Data and analysis These initial analyses were performed using R version 4.6.0 (2026-04-24) using the lavaan package. The ASRS-6 comprises six ordinal items, with four items measuring inattention and two items measuring hyperactivity. We modelled and compared correlated two-factor and three-factor models. The two-factor model consists of attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity/impulsivity latent factors, and the three-factor model includes disorganisation, inattention, and hyperactivity factors. We used an estimator appropriate for categorical data (WLSMV, weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted). A series of multigroup models was run to test MI across the three cross-sectional waves of APMS (2007, 2014, 2024), where wave was the grouping factor. Sample sizes for these waves were 7403, 7546, and 7230. Measurement invariance (MI) of the two-factor and three-factor solutions across the waves was tested by comparing increasingly constrained models in a CFA framework (Liu et al., 2017). The assumptions of configural, metric, scalar, and residual MI were tested (Millsap and Yun-Tein, 2004). To test constraints on the residual variances, we used theta parameterization in our models (Edossa et al., 2018). In all models, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) should be above .95 (.90 for acceptable fit) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) below .05 (below .08 for acceptable fit) to index good model fit (Hu and Bentler, 1998). Invariance was evaluated using changes in model fit between nested models. A decrease in CFI ≥ .010 and an increase in RMSEA ≥ .007 were considered to indicate substantial deterioration in model fit (Neufeld et al., 2024, Schlechter and Neufeld, 2024).

Results 1.I.1 Measurement invariance across years Χ2(df) CFI RMSEA ΔCFI Δ RMSEA

Χ2(df)CFIRMSEAΔCFIΔ RMSEA
Two factor solution
Configural471.22 (18)0.9950.059..
Metric532.59 (26)0.9950.0520.000-0.007
Scalar532.49(50)0.9950.0370.000-0.015
Strict567.65(62)0.9950.0330.000-0.004
Three factor solution
Configural89.17 (9)0.9990.035..
Metric125.40(15)0.9990.0320.000-0.003
Scalar138.44(39)0.9990.0190.000-0.013
Strict159.72(51)0.9990.0170.000-0.002

Note. Models are compared with the prior model consisting of one less level of constraints. Bolded values indicate a substantial decrement in model fit. MI = measurement invariance; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; df = degrees of freedom.

1.I.2 Standardised factor loadings for two-factor and three-factor model solutions Configural Metric

ConfiguralMetric
Two-factor model200720142024200720142024
Inattention
adhdwrap How often do you have trouble wrapping up the final details of a project, once the challenging parts have been done?.726.729.768.708.730.780
adhdorg How often do you have difficulty getting things in order when you have to do a task that requires organization?.798.812.836.789.807.847
adhdapp How often do you have problems remembering appointments or obligations?.590.623.701.606.630.687
adhdavd When you have a task that requires a lot of thought, how often do you avoid or delay getting started?.673.712.772.688.711.763
Hyperactivity
adhdsit How often do you fidget or squirm with your hands or feet when you have to sit down for a long time?.841.906.822.828.839.869
adhdmot How often do you feel overly active and compelled to do things, like you were driven by a motor?.543.535.632.549.566.615
One-factor model200720142024200720142024
Disorganisation
adhdwrap How often do you have trouble wrapping up the final details of a project, once the challenging parts have been done?0.7450.7470.7850.7420.7500.785
adhdorg How often do you have difficulty getting things in order when you have to do a task that requires organization?0.8320.8460.8670.8360.8420.868
Inattention
adhdapp How often do you have problems remembering appointments or obligations?0.5990.6310.7090.5970.6340.708
adhdavd When you have a task that requires a lot of thought, how often do you avoid or delay getting started?0.6850.7240.7850.6870.7200.786
Hyperactivity
adhdsit How often do you fidget or squirm with your hands or feet when you have to sit down for a long time?0.8440.9050.8220.8280.8390.869
adhdmot How often do you feel overly active and compelled to do things, like you were driven by a motor?0.5410.5350.6330.5490.5650.615

Both two- and three-factor solutions achieved full strict invariance. Across configural, metric, scalar, and strict models, CFI remained high and unchanged, while RMSEA improved steadily, which suggests that the models are stable across time. In the configural model, all indicators loaded consistently on their respective latent factors, with generally stable patterns across waves, indicating that the same

factor structures were appropriate over time. However, the three-factor solution fits better overall, as it demonstrated a lower RMSEA at every level and higher CFI (0.999 vd 0.995 throughout). In the metric invariance model, loadings remained stable across all three cohorts. This suggests that the relationship between each item and its underlying latent construct did not change meaningfully over time, allowing for valid comparison of latent constructs across waves. Overall, the findings support measurement equivalence at the metric level, indicating that the items were measuring disorganisation, inattention, and hyperactivity in a consistent manner in 2007, 2014, and 2024. When transitioning from the metric invariance model to the scalar invariance model, RMSEA improved, suggesting that the scale was used in a comparable way across time, and differences in score could reflect differences in symptoms. Strict invariance also showed no deterioration in fit, suggesting that measurement errors are stable across time. In sum, the scale measures disorganisation, inattention, and hyperactivity in a highly consistent way across 2007, 2014, and 2024, meaning differences observed over time are very likely to reflect real changes rather than changes in how ASRS-6 functions.

1.I.3 Latent factor means for ADHD symptom domains across survey years (2007, 2014, 2024) under strict measurement invariance

2007 2014 2024 Disorganisation -0.359 -0.110 -0.131 Inattention -0.239 -0.270 -0.092 Hyperactivity -0.091 -0.108 -0.125 The latent factor means for each ADHD symptom domain across the three survey years were estimated under strict measurement invariance constraints. The best and most meaningful shift has happened within the disorganisation domain, especially between the 2007 and 2014 waves. Inattention symptoms also rose between the 2014 and 2024 waves. Hyperactivity symptoms have remained more stable across all three time points.

200720142024
Disorganisation-0.359-0.110-0.131
Inattention-0.239-0.270-0.092
Hyperactivity-0.091-0.108-0.125
2007
Two factor solution
IndexConfiguralMetricScalarStrict
Χ2(df)170.57 (12)182.75 (16)178.98 (28)193.37(34)
CFI0.9930.9920.9930.993
RMSEA0.0600.0530.0380.036
ΔCFI--0.0010.0010.000
ΔRMSEA--0.007-0.015-0.002
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)30.55 (6)38.52 (9)35.78 (21)49.63 (27)
CFI0.9990.9990.9990.999
RMSEA0.0340.0300.0140.015
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.004-0.0160.001
2014
Two factor solution
Χ2(df)183.95 (12)188.22 (16)196.86 (28)205.85(34)
CFI0.9940.9940.9940.994
RMSEA0.0620.0540.0400.037
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.008-0.014-0.003
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)41.08 (6)46.22 (9)54.42 (21)64.01 (27)
CFI0.9990.9990.9990.999
RMSEA0.0400.0330.0210.019
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.007-0.012-0.002
2024
Two factor solution
Χ2(df)151.10 (12)155.79 (16)167.35 (28)172.49 (34)
CFI0.9970.9970.9970.997
RMSEA0.0570.0490.0370.034
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.008-0.012-0.003
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)39.58 (6)44.41 (9)55.54 (21)61.66 (27)
CFI0.9990.9990.9990.999
RMSEA0.0400.0330.0210.019
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.007-0.012-0.002
ConfiguralMetric
2007
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
Inattention
adhdwrap0.7210.7320.7190.734
adhdorg0.8100.7870.7900.802
adhdapp0.5850.5940.5810.597
adhdavd0.6420.7040.6680.683
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8690.8190.8440.839
adhdmot0.5370.5490.5480.540
2014
Inattention
adhdwrap0.7310.7300.7190.738
adhdorg0.7950.8240.8030.818
adhdapp0.6190.6270.6110.632
adhdavd0.6900.7300.7020.722
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.9130.9020.9190.898
adhdmot0.5670.5110.5640.513
2024
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
Inattention
adhdwrap0.7560.7780.7510.781
adhdorg0.8160.8530.8230.847
adhdapp0.6780.7200.6820.717
adhdavd0.7620.7820.7550.786
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8380.8110.8180.826
adhdmot0.6160.6440.6260.637

1.I.6 Standardised factor loadings for three-factor model solution, by sex Configural Metric 2007 Males Females Males Females Disorganisation adhdwrap 0.734 0.757 0.742 0.750 adhdorg 0.838 0.825 0.827 0.834 Inattention adhdapp 0.594 0.603 0.582 0.613 adhdavd 0.653 0.718 0.673 0.702 Hyperactivity adhdsit 0.872 0.820 0.846 0.841 adhdmot 0.535 0.548 0.546 0.539 2014 Disorganisation adhdwrap 0.746 0.748 0.734 0.757 adhdorg 0.819 0.864 0.836 0.852 Inattention adhdapp 0.629 0.635 0.621 0.640 adhdavd 0.704 0.743 0.717 0.734 Hyperactivity adhdsit 0.914 0.897 0.917 0.896 adhdmot 0.566 0.514 0.565 0.515 2024 Males Females Males Females Disorganisation adhdwrap 0.774 0.793 0.767 0.798 adhdorg 0.845 0.884 0.854 0.877 Inattention adhdapp 0.683 0.730 0.686 0.728 adhdavd 0.770 0.798 0.765 0.801 Hyperactivity adhdsit 0.838 0.811 0.818 0.826 adhdmot 0.616 0.644 0.626 0.637 Across all three survey waves and across sex, the three-factor solution demonstrated consistently greater fit. At the strict invariance level, the three-factor solution yielded CFI = 0.999 and RMSEA ranging from 0.015 to 0.019, compared to CFI = 0.993-0.994 and RMSEA 0.033-0.037 for the two-factor solution. Given the superior fit of the three-factor solution across years and groups, subsequent discussion is based on this solution. Results supported full strict measurement invariance across males and females, with no changes in CFI and decreased RMSEA with increased model constraints. Full strict invariance across sex is achieved in every year, suggesting ADHD symptoms are measured equivalently in males and females across all three waves.

ConfiguralMetric
2007
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.7340.7570.7420.750
adhdorg0.8380.8250.8270.834
Inattention
adhdapp0.5940.6030.5820.613
adhdavd0.6530.7180.6730.702
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8720.8200.8460.841
adhdmot0.5350.5480.5460.539
2014
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.7460.7480.7340.757
adhdorg0.8190.8640.8360.852
Inattention
adhdapp0.6290.6350.6210.640
adhdavd0.7040.7430.7170.734
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.9140.8970.9170.896
adhdmot0.5660.5140.5650.515
2024
MalesFemalesMalesFemales
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.7740.7930.7670.798
adhdorg0.8450.8840.8540.877
Inattention
adhdapp0.6830.7300.6860.728
adhdavd0.7700.7980.7650.801
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8380.8110.8180.826
adhdmot0.6160.6440.6260.637
2007
Two factor solution
IndexConfiguralMetricScalarStrict
Χ2(df)151.10 (18)199.72 (26)215.40 (50)246.74 (62)
CFI0.9970.9960.9960.995
RMSEA0.0560.0530.0370.035
ΔCFI--0.0010.000-0.001
ΔRMSEA--0.003-0.016-0.002
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)37.57 (9)46.77 (15)62.51 (39)78.88 (51)
CFI0.9990.9990.9990.999
RMSEA0.0370.0300.0160.015
ΔCFI-0.0000.0000.000
ΔRMSEA--0.007-0.014-0.001
2014
Two factor solution
Χ2(df)189.11 (18)209.84 (26)247.27 (50)313.91(62)
CFI0.9930.9920.9920.990
RMSEA0.0620.0530.0400.029
ΔCFI--0.0010.000-0.001
ΔRMSEA--0.009-0.013-0.011
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)49.55 (9)66.74 (15)100.27 (39)157.19 (51)
CFI0.9980.9980.9970.996
RMSEA0.0430.0370.0250.029
ΔCFI-0.000-0.001-0.001
ΔRMSEA--0.006-0.0120.004
2024
Two factor solution
Χ2(df)0.9920.9910.9920.988
CFI0.0610.0530.0370.040
RMSEA--0.0010.000-0.004
ΔCFI--0.008-0.0160.003
ΔRMSEA0.9920.9910.9920.988
Three factor solution
Χ2(df)38.38 (9)56.84 (15)73.26 (39)135.22 (51)
CFI0.9990.9980.9980.996
RMSEA0.0370.0340.0190.026
ΔCFI-0.0010.000-0.002
ΔRMSEA--0.003-0.0150.007
ConfiguralMetric
2007
16-2425-6465+16-2425-6465+
Inattention
adhdwrap0.6830.7190.7350.6900.7240.714
adhdorg0.7720.8060.7960.7760.8050.797
adhdapp0.4880.5950.5440.5430.5810.570
adhdavd0.6930.6670.6620.6370.6730.663
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8590.8690.7390.8520.8370.839
adhdmot0.5200.4870.5480.5240.5010.504
2014
Inattention
adhdwrap0.6690.7300.7270.6840.7350.705
adhdorg0.7970.8170.7980.7780.8200.795
adhdapp0.5540.6230.5640.5600.6160.583
adhdavd0.6650.7190.6760.6640.7160.685
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.7610.9690.8220.9050.9130.932
adhdmot0.4940.4510.5690.4510.4690.520
2024
Inattention
adhdwrap0.6760.7590.7770.7460.7700.736
adhdorg0.7980.8300.8330.8190.8380.811
adhdapp0.7240.7060.6310.6730.7000.661
adhdavd0.7830.7860.6950.7490.7730.739
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8210.8320.7360.8350.8150.790
adhdmot0.6410.5980.6000.6350.6050.572
ConfiguralMetric
2007
16-2425-6465+16-2425-6465+
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.6980.7360.7500.6960.7400.739
adhdorg0.8010.8430.8220.8030.8380.837
Inattention
adhdapp0.4850.6010.5690.5180.5920.585
adhdavd0.6860.6760.7100.6180.6910.684
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8610.8710.7420.8540.8390.842
adhdmot0.5190.4860.5460.5230.4990.503
2014
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.6780.7470.7410.6890.7490.732
adhdorg0.8230.8530.8260.8060.8510.839
Inattention
adhdapp0.5530.6340.5750.5520.6330.579
adhdavd0.6630.7380.6970.6640.7400.690
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.7590.9680.8220.9040.9120.931
adhdmot0.4960.4520.5680.4510.4700.521
2024
Disorganisation
adhdwrap0.7050.7760.7920.7220.7760.786
adhdorg0.8500.8600.8600.8200.8610.868
Inattention
adhdapp0.7000.7140.6520.6880.7170.646
adhdavd0.7480.7990.7250.7700.7940.733
Hyperactivity
adhdsit0.8170.8320.7360.8360.8140.790
adhdmot0.6440.5980.6000.6370.6050.572

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HU, L.-T. & BENTLER, P. M. 1998. Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3, 424.

LIU, Y., MILLSAP, R. E., WEST, S. G., TEIN, J.-Y., TANAKA, R. & Grimm, K. J. 2017. Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered- categorical measures. Psychological methods, 22, 486.

MILLSAP, R. E. & YUN-TEIN, J. 2004. Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate behavioral research, 39, 479-515.

NEUFELD, S. A., St Clair, M., BRODBECK, J., Wilkinson, P. O., GOODYER, I. M. & Jones, P. B. 2024. Measurement invariance in longitudinal bifactor models: Review and application based on the p factor. Assessment, 31, 774-793.

SCHLECHTER, P. & NEUFELD, S. A. 2024. Longitudinal and gender measurement invariance of the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Assessment, 31, 1687-1701.

J. Latent class analysis Neil Smith, Sally McManus, Klaudia Lubian, Joe Crowley. J. Summary A typology of adult mental health in England was derived from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS), the resulting classes were profiled by socioeconomic circumstances, general health, functioning, treatment, service use, adversity and social support. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on 7,546 adults aged 16+ in private households in England, using 17 binary indicators of mental-health need: nine affective-symptom items from the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), screen-positive results for PTSD, bipolar disorder, possible psychosis, ADHD, autistic traits, self-identified eating disorder, drug dependence and Audit hazardous-or- worse drinking. Three- to seven-class solutions were estimated and compared on the Bayesian and Akaike Information Criteria, class size, classification error and interpretability. Classes were profiled using weighted descriptive statistics.

A six-class solution was selected (Bic 72,745; Aic 71,990). Approximately 60% of adults were assigned to the class ‘mentally well’, 17% were in the ‘fatigued’ group (high fatigue and sleep problems but few other symptoms), and the remaining 23% were distributed across four similarly sized classes: ‘anxious’ (6%), ‘severe low mood’ (7%), ‘substance and attention difficulties’ (6%) and ‘multiple severe needs’ (5%). The multiple severe needs class was 84% screen-positive PTSD, 70% personality-disorder screen-positive (SAPAS), 49% currently on psychotropic medication, 37% with a history of self-harm, and 38% with a history of suicide attempt. Adversity (homelessness, assault, non-consensual sexual contact, problem debt) and unmet treatment need varied strongly across the classes.

Adult mental-health needs in England clustered into six discrete, interpretable classes. The small multiple severe needs group was characterised by trauma, severe comorbid distress, adversity and unmet need. A distinct, predominantly male ‘substance and attention difficulties’ class was largely absent from current treatment and merits dedicated service planning.

1.J.1 Mental-health indicators entered into the LCA

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentionMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)needs (%)
Affective symptoms (CIS-R)
Fatigue07636972491
Concentration / forgetfulness070581972
Sleep problems125046733889
Depression / depressive ideas283966787
Irritability22226443373
Worry42589762392
Anxiety / phobias / panic1465451487
Obsessions / compulsions2446162459
Somatic symptoms17937238
Other conditions
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL)0111182684
Bipolar disorder (MDQ)111152733
Possible psychosis0143529
ADHD screen positive (ASRS)325284663
Autistic traits (AQ)22281629
Eating disorder (self-identified)1467315
Drug dependence (past year)10402813
Alcohol (AUDIT)
0-7 low risk838480895166
8-15 hazardous151416113319
16-19 harmful / mild dependence113196
20+ probable dependence001079
Unweighted base (n)4,4651,354429586354358

1.J.2 Class size and overall severity Weighted proportion of the adult population in each class, mean number of LCA indicators present, and mean Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) score (a higher score indicates more severe affective symptoms; 12 is the conventional case threshold).

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentionMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)needs (%)
Proportion of population (%)60176765
Mean number of indicators present0.32.14.05.83.59.7
Mean CIS-R score171218627
Unweighted base (n)4,4651,354429586354358

1.J.3 Socio-demographic profile of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentionMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)needs (%)
Sex (%)
Men534041366541
Women476059643559
Age group (%)
16-24131120113221
25-34161819142322
35-44161615181321
45-54171816231619
55-6414151416814
65-741410111042
75+11125830
Marital status (%)
Married / cohabiting646655614838
Single221833214347
Widowed / divorced / separated14161218815
Ethnic group (%)
White888884878783
Black / Black British234455
Asian / Asian British767769
Mixed / Multiple / Other324323
Has any qualifications (%)838385798774
Unweighted base (n)4,4651,354429586354358

1.J.4 Socioeconomic profile of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentiMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)on (%)needs (%)
Employment (%)
In employment616161516042
Unemployed2324118
Economically inactive363636453051
Housing tenure (%)
Owner-occupier696555554835
Social renter121620262238
Private / other renter191825193027
Equivalised household income (%)
Highest quintile232118121910
4th20192114219
3rd212023221714
2nd192115242222
Lowest quintile161922282245
IMD quintile (%)
Least deprived23181812139
2nd212118162014
3rd212118201421
4th191919242624
Most deprived172026282833
Financial strain (%)
Ever homeless2379917
Receives out-of-work benefits467161437
Reduced fuel use due to cost (past year)142127353044
Problem debt in past year3712151527
Family
Caring responsibilities (%)172429292124
Lived with both natural parents to age 16 (%)848074747165

Notes: ‘Most deprived’ is the lowest quintile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Problem debt is a composite of arrears on rent, utilities, council tax, credit cards, mortgage and similar payments. 1.J.5 General health, wellbeing and personality disorder of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere lowSubstance/atteMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)mood (%)ntion (%)needs (%)
General health and chronic conditions (%)
Self-rated general health: fair or poor102723471452
Migraine or frequent headache (past year)91716281529
Any of 5 chronic diseases (past year)253323392432
Wellbeing and functioning (mean scores)
WEMWBS mean score565148435038
Social Functioning Questionnaire mean score (higher = worse)3467711
Screened positive for personality disorder (SAPAS 4+)51125293470

Notes: WEMWBS = Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (higher is better wellbeing). SFQ = Social Functioning Questionnaire (higher means more functional difficulty). SAPAS = Standardised Assessment of Personality - Abbreviated Scale.

1.J.7 Self-harm, suicide attempts, treatment and service use profile of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere lowSubstance/atteMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)mood (%)ntion (%)needs (%)
Self-harm and suicide attempts (%)
Ever self-harmed (non-suicidal)269111437
Self-harmed in past year0122316
Ever attempted suicide1410121038
Attempted suicide in past year001119
Treatment receipt (%)
Currently receiving any counselling / therapy1267523
Currently receiving psychotropic medication51317331149
Spoke with GP about mental, nervous or emotional problem (past year)41124381968
Hospital service use (%)
Ever admitted to a mental-health specialist ward / hospital1234417
Inpatient stay for mental complaint (past quarter)000102
Outpatient visit for mental complaint (past quarter)002216
Community and day-care services (%)
Any community care in past year3710151134
Any day-care service in past year3568516
Unmet need (%)
Asked for but did not receive treatment0154316
Did not receive or ask for treatment918062487522

Notes: Past-year items reflect the 12 months before interview. ‘Has not received nor asked for treatment’ identifies people not currently in treatment, not in receipt of any community or hospital service for a mental-health reason, and who had not made an unmet treatment request.

1.J.8 Adverse circumstances and discrimination profile of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentioMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)n (%)needs (%)
Ever bullied192439384048
Ever seriously assaulted476121327
Non-consensual sexual contact since age 1691421223136
Non-consensual sexual contact before age 1671118191931
Ever in trouble with police56771521
Ever been in prison112248
Treated unfairly due to mental health (past year)0133320

1.J.9 Social support and belonging profile of the mental health classes

Mentally wellFatiguedAnxiousSevere low moodSubstance/attentionMultiple severe
(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)needs (%)
Number of friends or family feel close to (%)
0000104
1-2223537
3-446910815
5-691213141522
7-8131416191520
9-10131616111313
11+595043414619
Feel I belong here (%)
Strongly agree524939363528
Strongly disagree136669
Loneliness, isolated from people (%)
Very much1255527
Sometimes81630413249
Not at all76604131419

Appendix 2: Mental Health of Children and Young People (MHCYP) surveys

Wenzhen Cao, Tamsin Ford, Tamsin Newlove-Delgardo, and the MHCYP team. Data and analysis

The Mental Health of Children and Young People (MHCYP) surveys were conducted in private households using the DAWBA with a general population sample of children in 1999, 2004, 2017. Further follow-up waves were also conducted online.

For these analyses, the sample was mostly restricted to children and young people (CYP) aged 5–15 years, registered with a GP and resident in England, to maximise comparability across three survey waves. Total sample = 21,190 across three waves (1999: N = 8,621; 2004: N = 6,374; 2017: N = 6,195). Analyses of Tic or autism disorders excluded data from the 1999 wave due to inconsistent assessment criteria. Calibration weights, which were relatively comparable across three waves, were applied, as all surveys were calibrated to align with population totals from the Office for National Statistics using the same key variables (age group, sex and region). Teacher adjustment factors, sourced from the survey reports, were applied to Any Disorder, Hyperkinesis, Emotional Disorder, and Conduct/Behavioural Disorder, but not to comorbidity (see values below).

Statistical disclosure control was applied throughout, with some results therefore not provided.

Note that the analyses presented in this section, like those presented in other sections, are also being prepared for publication in journals and may well change after peer review and revision.

Results

Trends in prevalence of mental disorders (DAWBA) 2.1 Prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorder by age of child 1999-2017: weighted estimates

Mental DisorderSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y p trend5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y p trend11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–15y p trend
Any Mental DisorderTotal217310.25 (9.85, 10.67)10318.64 (8.15, 9.16)114012.31 (11.66, 13.00)
19998379.71 (9.08, 10.38)0.00424168.42 (7.65, 9.25)0.128841911.39 (10.37, 12.50)0.0089
200464310.09 (9.35, 10.89)2788.15 (7.24, 9.15)36512.34 (11.16, 13.63)
201769311.18 (10.38, 12.04)3379.42 (8.45, 10.48)35613.60 (12.26, 15.05)
ADHD (Hyperkinesis)Total3611.70 (1.54, 1.89)2061.73 (1.51, 1.98)1561.69 (1.44, 1.97)
19991311.52 (1.27, 1.81)0.0915761.54 (1.22, 1.95)0.4211551.49 (1.13, 1.95)0.0774
20041141.78 (1.47, 2.16)681.99 (1.56, 2.55)461.54 (1.13, 2.09)
20171161.88 (1.57, 2.25)621.73 (1.34, 2.21)552.09 (1.60, 2.73)
Tic DisorderTotal630.50 (0.39, 0.65)400.57 (0.42, 0.78)230.42 (0.28, 0.63)
2004230.37 (0.25, 0.55)0.0302120.34 (0.20, 0.61)0.0134110.39 (0.22, 0.69)0.7477
2017400.64 (0.47, 0.88)280.78 (0.54, 1.13)120.45 (0.24, 0.82)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)Total1331.06 (0.89, 1.26)831.19 (0.96, 1.48)500.89 (0.67, 1.18)
2004590.94 (0.73, 1.21)0.1919381.12 (0.82, 1.53)0.5935210.73 (0.47, 1.11)0.184
2017741.18 (0.93, 1.49)461.26 (0.93, 1.70)281.07 (0.74, 1.55)
Conduct Disorder (CD)Total12025.67 (5.37, 5.99)5864.91 (4.54, 5.31)6136.62 (6.13, 7.15)
19994675.42 (4.93, 5.95)0.57562344.73 (4.14, 5.40)0.54082326.31 (5.53, 7.20)0.8705
20043906.11 (5.52, 6.77)1735.08 (4.36, 5.92)2167.30 (6.36, 8.36)
20173455.56 (4.99, 6.20)1795.01 (4.31, 5.83)1656.32 (5.40, 7.37)
Emotional Disorder (ED)Total9784.62 (4.34, 4.91)3943.30 (3.00, 3.64)5826.29 (5.81, 6.80)
19993724.31 (3.90, 4.76)<0.0011643.33 (2.86, 3.86)0.11022055.58 (4.88, 6.38)<0.001
20042483.89 (3.43, 4.40)852.48 (2.00, 3.08)1635.51 (4.72, 6.42)
20173585.78 (5.20, 6.41)1454.04 (3.41, 4.77)2148.16 (7.13, 9.32)
ADHD + Tic Disorder †
ADHD + ASD †
ADHD + CDTotal2161.02 (0.89, 1.16)1140.96 (0.80, 1.15)1021.10 (0.90, 1.33)
1999720.82 (0.65, 1.03)0.0054360.71 (0.51, 0.99)0.0499360.95 (0.69, 1.32)0.0469
2004641.03 (0.81, 1.31)391.17 (0.86, 1.59)250.87 (0.59, 1.27)
2017801.30 (1.04, 1.62)391.10 (0.81, 1.50)411.57 (1.15, 2.13)
ADHD + ED ‡Total620.29 (0.23, 0.38)––––
1999140.16 (0.10, 0.28)<0.001––––
2004140.23 (0.14, 0.39)––––
2017330.54 (0.38, 0.76)––––
Tic Disorder + ASD †
Tic Disorder + CD †
Tic Disorder + ED †
ASD + CDTotal560.44 (0.34, 0.58)300.42 (0.30, 0.61)260.47 (0.32, 0.69)
2004210.34 (0.22, 0.52)0.0848110.33 (0.19, 0.59)0.257100.35 (0.19, 0.65)0.1842
2017340.55 (0.39, 0.77)180.51 (0.32, 0.81)160.60 (0.36, 0.99)
ASD + ED ‡Total340.27 (0.19, 0.38)––––
2004110.17 (0.09, 0.30)0.029––––
2017230.37 (0.25, 0.57)––––
CD + EDTotal2481.17 (1.03, 1.32)1090.91 (0.75, 1.10)1391.50 (1.27, 1.77)
1999780.89 (0.71, 1.11)<0.001320.63 (0.45, 0.90)0.001461.22 (0.91, 1.63)0.0053
2004631.01 (0.79, 1.28)270.79 (0.55, 1.15)361.26 (0.91, 1.72)
20171071.74 (1.44, 2.09)501.41 (1.06, 1.86)562.19 (1.70, 2.81)
ADHD + CD + ED ‡Total470.22 (0.17, 0.30)––––
1999cc<0.001––––
2004cc––––
2017260.43 (0.29, 0.62)––––

† ‡ disclosure control measures applied. Weighted using calibration weights aligned to ONS population totals (age group, sex, region). Teacher adjustment factors applied where applicable.

2.2 Prevalence of DSM-IV/5 mental disorders by age of child 1999-2017: weighted estimates: weighted estimates

Mental DisorderSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Any Mental DisorderTotal243411.49 (11.06, 11.92)11879.95 (9.42, 10.50)124413.44 (12.76, 14.15)
199988910.31 (9.66, 10.99)<0.0014438.96 (8.17, 9.83)<0.00144312.05 (11.00, 13.18)<0.001
200466710.47 (9.71, 11.27)2958.65 (7.73, 9.69)37212.56 (11.37, 13.85)
201787814.17 (13.26, 15.12)44912.54 (11.43, 13.75)42916.39 (14.94, 17.96)
ADHDTotal5862.77 (2.55, 2.99)3332.79 (2.51, 3.10)2532.73 (2.42, 3.08)
19992172.52 (2.20, 2.89)0.00461232.50 (2.08, 3.00)0.0455942.55 (2.07, 3.14)0.0427
20041632.55 (2.18, 3.00)952.78 (2.26, 3.43)682.29 (1.78, 2.93)
20172063.32 (2.89, 3.82)1153.20 (2.65, 3.86)913.49 (2.84, 4.28)
Tic DisorderTotal2702.15 (1.90, 2.42)1622.31 (1.98, 2.70)1081.94 (1.60, 2.35)
2004230.37 (0.25, 0.55)<0.001120.34 (0.20, 0.61)<0.001110.39 (0.22, 0.69)<0.001
20172473.94 (3.48, 4.47)1504.15 (3.53, 4.88)973.66 (2.99, 4.48)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)Total1361.08 (0.92, 1.28)851.22 (0.99, 1.52)510.91 (0.69, 1.20)
2004590.94 (0.73, 1.21)0.118381.12 (0.82, 1.53)0.4585210.73 (0.47, 1.11)0.139
2017771.23 (0.98, 1.55)481.32 (0.98, 1.77)291.11 (0.77, 1.60)
Conduct Disorder (CD)Total12065.69 (5.39, 6.01)5914.95 (4.58, 5.36)6146.63 (6.14, 7.16)
19994775.54 (5.04, 6.08)0.69572394.85 (4.25, 5.52)0.94612376.43 (5.64, 7.33)0.6564
20044016.29 (5.68, 6.95)1825.34 (4.59, 6.20)2197.38 (6.44, 8.45)
20173285.29 (4.73, 5.91)1704.74 (4.06, 5.53)1586.05 (5.16, 7.08)
Emotional Disorder (ED)Total9984.71 (4.43, 5.00)4023.37 (3.06, 3.71)5936.41 (5.92, 6.92)
19993724.31 (3.90, 4.76)<0.0011643.33 (2.86, 3.86)0.03382055.58 (4.88, 6.38)<0.001
20042483.89 (3.43, 4.40)852.48 (2.00, 3.08)1635.51 (4.72, 6.42)
20173786.10 (5.50, 6.75)1534.27 (3.62, 5.02)2258.60 (7.55, 9.79)
ADHD + Tic Disorder †
ADHD + ASD ‡Total570.46 (0.35, 0.59)––––
2004160.25 (0.15, 0.41)<0.001––––
2017420.66 (0.49, 0.91)––––
ADHD + CDTotal2971.40 (1.25, 1.57)1571.32 (1.13, 1.54)1401.51 (1.28, 1.78)
19991021.15 (0.95, 1.40)0.0039521.04 (0.79, 1.36)0.0347501.30 (0.99, 1.72)0.047
2004881.42 (1.16, 1.74)501.49 (1.14, 1.95)381.34 (0.98, 1.82)
20171071.74 (1.43, 2.10)551.55 (1.19, 2.01)522.00 (1.52, 2.63)
ADHD + ED ‡Total1030.49 (0.40, 0.59)––––
1999200.22 (0.14, 0.35)<0.001––––
2004210.34 (0.22, 0.51)––––
2017631.02 (0.80, 1.31)––––
Tic Disorder + ASD †
Tic Disorder + CD †
Tic Disorder + ED †
ASD + CDTotal650.51 (0.40, 0.66)370.54 (0.39, 0.74)270.49 (0.33, 0.71)
2004280.45 (0.31, 0.65)0.3077170.51 (0.32, 0.80)0.7347110.38 (0.21, 0.69)0.2579
2017360.58 (0.42, 0.81)200.56 (0.36, 0.88)160.60 (0.36, 0.99)
ASD + ED ‡Total360.29 (0.21, 0.40)––––
2004110.17 (0.09, 0.30)0.0139––––
2017250.41 (0.27, 0.61)––––
CD + EDTotal2531.19 (1.06, 1.35)1110.93 (0.77, 1.12)1411.53 (1.30, 1.79)
1999800.91 (0.73, 1.14)<0.001340.67 (0.48, 0.95)0.0027461.22 (0.91, 1.63)0.0033
2004651.05 (0.83, 1.33)280.85 (0.59, 1.21)371.29 (0.94, 1.77)
20171071.74 (1.44, 2.10)491.37 (1.03, 1.82)582.24 (1.75, 2.87)
ADHD + CD + ED ‡Total700.33 (0.26, 0.42)––––
1999140.15 (0.09, 0.27)<0.001––––
2004160.26 (0.16, 0.42)––––
2017400.65 (0.48, 0.89)––––

Notes. Weighted using calibration weights aligned to ONS population totals.

†/c Disclosure control measures applied Estimates not presented due to small numbers.

‡ Age-stratified estimates not presented due to small numbers; only overall totals are reported.

Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ) by mental disorders (DAWBA) 2.3 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among all children 5-15: weighted estimates

Parental PerceptionSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Parental Perception of HyperactivityTotal8453.99 (3.73, 4.26)5764.83 (4.45, 5.24)2702.91 (2.59, 3.28)
19993183.61 (3.23, 4.02)0.00792244.47 (3.93, 5.09)0.248952.49 (2.03, 3.04)0.0043
20042494.01 (3.55, 4.52)1745.20 (4.50, 6.00)752.63 (2.11, 3.27)
20172784.51 (4.00, 5.08)1784.98 (4.28, 5.79)1003.86 (3.16, 4.70)
Parental Perception of Emotional ProblemsTotal11805.57 (5.26, 5.89)5544.64 (4.27, 5.04)6256.75 (6.25, 7.28)
19993814.32 (3.91, 4.77)<0.0011783.56 (3.08, 4.12)<0.0012025.30 (4.62, 6.08)<0.001
20043235.19 (4.67, 5.77)1494.44 (3.80, 5.19)1736.06 (5.26, 6.98)
20174767.73 (7.07, 8.45)2276.33 (5.55, 7.22)2499.65 (8.55, 10.87)
Parental Perception of Behavioural ProblemsTotal13556.40 (6.07, 6.74)7306.11 (5.69, 6.56)6256.76 (6.26, 7.29)
19994995.66 (5.19, 6.17)0.00192735.46 (4.86, 6.14)0.04992255.90 (5.19, 6.72)0.013
20044357.00 (6.39, 7.65)2266.75 (5.96, 7.64)2087.28 (6.40, 8.27)
20174226.85 (6.23, 7.53)2306.43 (5.64, 7.31)1927.43 (6.46, 8.54)

Diagnosis by Parental Perception: ICD-10 Comparison of parental perception prevalence stratified by whether the child has a diagnosis of ADHD, Emotional Disorder, or Conduct Disorder (ICD-10 criteria). 2.4 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 without an ICD-10 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates

Parental PerceptionSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Parental Perception of HyperactivityTotal6363.05 (2.82, 3.30)4553.87 (3.53, 4.25)1832.01 (1.74, 2.33)
19992552.93 (2.59, 3.31)0.28571853.75 (3.24, 4.32)0.6912711.88 (1.49, 2.38)0.2238
20041843.02 (2.62, 3.47)1334.04 (3.42, 4.76)521.85 (1.42, 2.41)
20171973.26 (2.82, 3.77)1373.90 (3.27, 4.64)602.39 (1.83, 3.10)
Parental Perception of Emotional ProblemsTotal8244.07 (3.80, 4.36)4163.61 (3.27, 3.97)4074.68 (4.25, 5.15)
19992803.32 (2.95, 3.73)<0.0011362.82 (2.38, 3.33)<0.0011443.99 (3.38, 4.70)<0.001
20042434.07 (3.60, 4.60)1263.86 (3.25, 4.58)1174.32 (3.63, 5.14)
20173005.17 (4.61, 5.79)1544.47 (3.81, 5.25)1466.15 (5.23, 7.23)
Parental Perception of Behavioural ProblemsTotal7253.61 (3.36, 3.88)4163.65 (3.31, 4.01)3093.56 (3.18, 3.97)
19992773.31 (2.94, 3.72)0.32641603.34 (2.86, 3.89)0.60871173.26 (2.72, 3.91)0.367
20042414.10 (3.63, 4.64)1384.31 (3.66, 5.07)1033.86 (3.20, 4.64)
20172073.55 (3.08, 4.07)1183.46 (2.88, 4.17)893.66 (2.96, 4.51)

2.5 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 with an ICD-10 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates

Parental PerceptionSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Parental Perception of HyperactivityTotal21361.63 (56.27, 66.72)12463.29 (56.17, 69.88)8959.46 (51.13, 67.27)
19996551.43 (42.47, 60.29)0.00414055.28 (43.35, 66.63)0.172546.26 (33.02, 60.06)0.0052
20046664.93 (55.19, 73.58)4269.27 (56.63, 79.55)2458.46 (42.84, 72.54)
20178269.63 (60.44, 77.47)4266.71 (53.91, 77.44)4072.92 (58.96, 83.47)
Parental Perception of Emotional ProblemsTotal35837.24 (34.20, 40.39)13735.61 (30.90, 40.61)22138.33 (34.39, 42.44)
199910126.51 (22.24, 31.26)<0.0014225.24 (19.18, 32.45)<0.0015927.48 (21.77, 34.04)<0.001
20048034.43 (28.64, 40.73)2228.54 (19.82, 39.21)5737.50 (30.20, 45.42)
201717750.92 (45.52, 56.30)7351.87 (43.33, 60.31)10450.27 (43.33, 57.20)
Parental Perception of Behavioural ProblemsTotal63758.16 (55.17, 61.08)31559.18 (54.90, 63.33)32257.19 (52.99, 61.28)
199922451.86 (47.03, 56.65)<0.00111453.65 (46.82, 60.35)0.011311050.12 (43.31, 56.92)<0.001
200419657.62 (52.35, 62.72)8958.60 (50.66, 66.11)10756.83 (49.73, 63.66)
201721867.12 (61.72, 72.10)11366.68 (59.02, 73.54)10567.61 (59.77, 74.56)

Diagnosis by Parental Perception: DSM-IV/5 Comparison of parental perception prevalence stratified by whether the child has a diagnosis of ADHD, Emotional Disorder, or Conduct Disorder (DSM-IV/5 criteria). 2.6 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 without a DSM-IV/5 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates

Parental PerceptionSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Parental Perception of HyperactivityTotal5762.79 (2.57, 3.03)4173.59 (3.26, 3.95)1601.77 (1.52, 2.07)
19992432.82 (2.48, 3.19)0.68491803.67 (3.18, 4.25)0.4437641.71 (1.33, 2.19)0.745
20041732.84 (2.46, 3.29)1223.73 (3.14, 4.43)511.83 (1.40, 2.39)
20171602.69 (2.29, 3.16)1163.33 (2.76, 4.02)451.81 (1.34, 2.46)
Parental Perception of Emotional ProblemsTotal8144.03 (3.76, 4.32)4113.56 (3.23, 3.92)4034.65 (4.22, 5.12)
19992803.32 (2.95, 3.73)<0.0011362.82 (2.38, 3.33)<0.0011443.99 (3.38, 4.70)0.001
20042434.07 (3.60, 4.60)1263.86 (3.25, 4.58)1174.32 (3.63, 5.14)
20172915.02 (4.47, 5.64)1484.32 (3.66, 5.09)1426.03 (5.11, 7.10)
Parental Perception of Behavioural ProblemsTotal7183.57 (3.32, 3.84)4093.59 (3.25, 3.95)3093.56 (3.18, 3.97)
19992693.21 (2.85, 3.62)0.08211553.24 (2.77, 3.78)0.29411143.18 (2.64, 3.82)0.1497
20042313.95 (3.48, 4.47)1304.08 (3.45, 4.83)1013.78 (3.13, 4.56)
20172183.72 (3.24, 4.26)1243.61 (3.01, 4.33)943.86 (3.15, 4.73)

2.7 Parental perception of mental health difficulties (SDQ): among children 5-15 with a DSM-IV/5 diagnosis (DAWBA): weighted estimates

Parental PerceptionSurvey Year5–15y n5–15y % (95% CI)5–15y5–10y n5–10y % (95% CI)5–10y11–15y n11–15y % (95% CI)11–
pp15y p
trendtrendtrend
Parental Perception of HyperactivityTotal27248.88 (44.66, 53.11)16050.99 (45.34, 56.62)11246.13 (39.82, 52.56)
19997636.99 (30.54, 43.94)<0.0014438.53 (29.93, 47.92)0.01523235.04 (25.73, 45.66)<0.001
20047753.75 (45.62, 61.69)5362.80 (52.07, 72.40)2441.05 (29.37, 53.82)
201711957.33 (50.26, 64.12)6354.89 (45.31, 64.11)5560.41 (49.80, 70.11)
Parental Perception of Emotional ProblemsTotal36737.46 (34.44, 40.58)14236.33 (31.64, 41.29)22538.22 (34.32, 42.28)
199910126.51 (22.24, 31.26)<0.0014225.24 (19.18, 32.45)<0.0016027.48 (21.77, 34.04)<0.001
20048034.43 (28.64, 40.73)2228.54 (19.82, 39.21)5737.50 (30.20, 45.42)
201718650.79 (45.54, 56.01)7852.90 (44.57, 61.08)10849.35 (42.63, 56.09)
Parental Perception of Behavioural ProblemsTotal64558.65 (55.67, 61.56)32360.15 (55.89, 64.26)32257.22 (53.03, 61.31)
199923252.65 (47.87, 57.38)<0.00111954.73 (47.97, 61.32)0.016211350.62 (43.86, 57.34)0.0019
200420658.79 (53.61, 63.79)9660.58 (52.85, 67.82)10957.29 (50.24, 64.07)
201720767.07 (61.54, 72.18)10767.11 (59.22, 74.13)10067.04 (59.03, 74.17)

Notes.

† /c Disclosure control measures applied. Estimates not presented due to small numbers.

‡ Age-stratified estimates not presented due to small numbers; only overall totals are reported.

Educational disruption indicators among by mental disorder in children (5 to 15 years) Preliminary analyses: final results published after peer review may differ. 2.8 Educational disruption indicators by mental disorder status in children and young people MHCYP 2017 Mental disorder status N Poorer school

Mental disorder statusNPoorer schoolAny school exclusion % (95% CI)Temporary school exclusion % (95% CI)Permanent school exclusion % (95% CI)School-initiated transfer % (95% CI)
attendance
% (95% CI)
Total sample6,713.89 (3.45, 4.37)3.89 (3.45, 4.37)1.98 (1.67, 2.34)1.71 (1.43, 2.05)1.09 (0.86, 1.36)1.37 (1.12, 1.68)
8
No mental disorder5,78 12.89 (2.49, 3.35)0.92 (0.70, 1.20)0.74 (0.55, 1.00)0.48 (0.33, 0.70)0.81 (0.61, 1.08)
Any mental disorder93710.03 (8.26, 12.13)8.54 (6.91, 10.51)7.68 (6.14, 9.58)4.80 (3.60, 6.37)4.80 (3.60, 6.37)
Any emotional disorder44013.64 (10.73, 17.18)7.95 (5.76, 10.89)7.73 (5.57, 10.63)4.32 (2.77, 6.68)4.55 (2.95, 6.95)
-Any anxiety disorder38412.76 (9.77, 16.50)6.51 (4.43, 9.47)6.51 (4.43, 9.47)3.65 (2.17, 6.07)4.17 (2.56, 6.70)
-Any depressive disorder12121.49 (15.01, 29.78)9.92 (5.69, 16.74)9.09 (5.08, 15.76)4.96 (2.23, 10.68)6.61 (3.32, 12.75)
Any behavioural disorder34312.24 (9.17, 16.17)16.91 (13.29, 21.27)15.45 (11.99, 19.69)9.91 (7.16, 13.57)6.71 (4.49, 9.90)
Any neurodevelopmental disorder3016.64 (4.32, 10.09)12.29 (9.03, 16.53)10.63 (7.61, 14.67)5.98 (3.79, 9.31)7.97 (5.39, 11.64)
-Any ADHD disorder2247.59 (4.76, 11.90)15.18 (11.03, 20.53)13.39 (9.51, 18.54)7.59 (4.76, 11.90)7.14 (4.41, 11.37)
-Any autism spectrum disorder885.68 (2.36, 13.08)10.23 (5.36, 18.65)10.23 (5.36, 18.65)3.41 (1.09, 10.19)13.64 (7.85, 22.65)
-Any tic disorder2626.11 (3.77, 9.76)4.96 (2.90, 8.38)4.20 (2.33, 7.44)2.29 (1.03, 5.02)5.34 (3.18, 8.84)

2.9 Adjusted associations between mental disorders and educational disruption indicators children and young people MHCYP 2017, without additional adjustment for comorbidity Mental disorder status Poorer school attendance Any school exclusion Temporary school

Mental disorder statusPoorer school attendanceAny school exclusionTemporary schoolPermanent schoolSchool-initiated transfer
exclusionexclusion
aOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-value
Any mental disorder3.39 [2.60, 4.43]<0.0019.12 [6.29, 13.22]<0.00110.10 [6.77, 15.06]<0.0018.74 [5.34, 14.31]<0.0016.08 [3.96, 9.33]<0.001
Any emotional disorder4.08 [2.98, 5.58]<0.0014.45 [2.92, 6.77]<0.0015.51 [3.57, 8.50]<0.0014.10 [2.36, 7.13]<0.0013.77 [2.25, 6.32]<0.001
-Any anxiety disorder3.61 [2.58, 5.05]<0.0013.34 [2.09, 5.34]<0.0014.25 [2.65, 6.84]<0.0013.30 [1.79, 6.08]<0.0013.38 [1.93, 5.90]<0.001
-Any depressive disorder5.96 [3.75, 9.46]<0.0013.89 [2.04, 7.41]<0.0014.34 [2.23, 8.48]<0.0013.30 [1.38, 7.86]0.0074.29 [2.03, 9.09]<0.001
Any behavioural disorder3.55 [2.49, 5.05]<0.00117.63 [11.84, 26.27]<0.00118.62 [12.28, 28.23]<0.00116.47 [9.92, 27.34]<0.0016.62 [4.02, 10.90]<0.001
Any neurodevelopmental disorder1.72 [1.07, 2.76]0.0259.15 [5.91, 14.16]<0.0018.56 [5.41, 13.52]<0.0016.35 [3.57, 11.30]<0.0018.79 [5.29, 14.62]<0.001
-Any ADHD disorder2.00 [1.20, 3.34]0.00812.02 [7.57, 19.08]<0.00111.34 [7.02, 18.31]<0.0018.42 [4.63, 15.29]<0.0016.87 [3.85, 12.24]<0.001
-Any autism spectrum disorder1.49 [0.62, 3.58]0.3745.18 [2.44, 10.98]<0.0016.16 [2.92, 13.00]<0.0012.65 [0.84, 8.30]0.09513.61 [6.98, 26.52]<0.001
-Any tic disorder1.70 [1.01, 2.87]0.0453.06 [1.67, 5.62]<0.0012.85 [1.50, 5.45]0.0012.43 [1.04, 5.67]0.0395.20 [2.87, 9.44]<0.001

Note. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using separate logistic regression models for each mental disorder. All models were adjusted for: sex, age in years, ethnicity, region and household tenure. Firth logistic regression was used due to sparse data or complete separation in specific low-prevalence categories (e.g. autism spectrum disorder). The reference group for each model was children and young people without the corresponding mental disorder.

2.10 Adjusted associations between mental disorders and educational disruption indicators by mental disorder status in children and young people MHCYP 2017, with additional adjustment for comorbidity

Mental disorder statusPoorer school attendanceAny school exclusionTemporary schoolPermanent schoolSchool-initiated transfer
exclusionexclusion
aOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-valueaOR (95% CI)p-value
Any mental disorder3.16 [2.33, 4.28]<0.0015.33 [3.41, 8.32]<0.0015.91 [3.67, 9.53]<0.0015.48 [3.05, 9.83]<0.0014.40 [2.65, 7.30]<0.001
Any emotional disorder4.08 [2.78, 5.98]<0.0012.32 [1.24, 4.35]0.0093.03 [1.61, 5.72]<0.0012.43 [1.08, 5.45]0.0312.42 [1.16, 5.08]0.019
-Any anxiety disorder3.37 [2.22, 5.12]<0.0011.40 [0.64, 3.03]0.3991.80 [0.83, 3.93]0.1391.86 [0.74, 4.65]0.1841.68 [0.69, 4.08]0.255
-Any depressive disorder6.79 [3.78, 12.20]<0.0012.89 [1.13, 7.37]0.0263.74 [1.46, 9.53]0.0062.05 [0.53, 8.00]0.3014.10 [1.50, 11.21]0.006
Any behavioural disorder2.87 [1.60, 5.14]<0.00110.66 [5.75, 19.79]<0.00111.92 [6.34, 22.39]<0.00112.24 [5.87, 25.52]<0.0012.32 [0.77, 6.97]0.135
Any neurodevelopmental disorder0.88 [0.38, 2.06]0.7712.42 [1.02, 5.77]0.0461.68 [0.60, 4.67]0.3220.85 [0.19, 3.74]0.8276.96 [3.27, 14.80]<0.001
-Any ADHD disorder1.63 [0.68, 3.94]0.2743.68 [1.43, 9.45]0.0072.52 [0.81, 7.83]0.1101.45 [0.27, 7.73]0.6613.60 [1.18, 11.05]0.025
-Any autism spectrum disorder1.92 [0.64, 5.79]0.2470.44 [0.03, 7.39]0.5680.52 [0.03, 8.77]0.6530.74 [0.04, 12.56]0.83516.63 [7.12, 38.89]<0.001
-Any tic disorder1.30 [0.67, 2.54]0.4391.29 [0.49, 3.43]0.6081.10 [0.37, 3.29]0.8591.74 [0.57, 5.31]0.3283.97 [1.89, 8.34]<0.001

Note. All models were additionally adjusted for psychiatric comorbidity (presence of any other mental disorder), beyond the covariates included in the previous model.

Latent class analysis of clustering in mental health needs and associated social factors and impairments Valeria Kolbas, Neil Smith N, Tamsin Ford, Sally McManus. Summary A latent class analysis of mental health difficulties in 11 to 19 year-olds in England was produced using MHCYP 2017 data to identify a typology of population mental difficulties in England, and to be able to compare the profile of those in a group characterised by multiple symptoms and conditions, compared with other groups, by socioeconomic circumstances, trauma exposure, behaviours and help-seeking. Data were drawn from 3,545 respondents aged 11–19 in the 2017 Mental Health of Children and Young People (MHCYP) survey. Eight binary indicators of mental health were entered into a latent class analysis (LCA): the five Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) domains, low Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) score, low Rosenberg self-esteem, and lifetime self-harm. Three- and four-class solutions were compared on Bic, Aic, class size and interpretability. Classes were profiled against socio-demographic, family, trauma, behavioural and help-seeking covariates using weighted descriptive statistics. A four-class solution was selected (Bic 15,323; Aic 15,107). Three quarters (78%) of young people were classed ‘mentally well’; 10% formed an ‘attention difficulties’ class (hyperactivity 54%, conduct 38%, peer problems 48%); 8% an ‘emotional difficulties’ class (low wellbeing 70%, low self-esteem 81%, self-harm 34%); and 4% a ‘multiple difficulties’ class with very high prevalence on almost all indicators (emotional 87%, low self-esteem 100%, low wellbeing 99%, self-harm 53%). Trauma exposure and ongoing impact varied between classes (lifetime trauma 9%, 16%, 22%, 27%; still affected among those exposed 20%, 37%, 43%, 64%). Help-seeking was elevated in all three difficulty classes; half of those with multiple difficulties had reached professional services (49%). Population-level mental health needs in adolescence cluster into distinct, non-diagnostic profiles. The multiple difficulties group is particularly characterised by adverse circumstances, trauma and unmet need.

2.11 Mental health indicators entered into the LCA

Mental health indicatorMentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
SDQ: Emotional difficulties3304387
SDQ: Conduct difficulties038131
SDQ: Hyperactivity difficulties454358
SDQ: Peer relationship difficulties4482071
SDQ: Prosocial behaviour99829993
WEMWBS: Low wellbeing (>1 SD below mean)6347099
Rosenberg: Low self-esteem (score < 15)0881100
Ever self-harmed (with or without intent)3233453
Unweighted base (n)2,794350271130

Prevalence of the eight indicators that defined the typology. MHCYP 2017, ages 11–19.

2.12 Sociodemographic, family and general-health profile by mental health class

CharacteristicMentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
Sex
Female47477065
Base2,794350271130
Age (single year)
11121014
12111374
131110610
14111088
151012129
1610101210
1712121621
1812112118
1913121814
Base2,794350271130
Ethnic group (binary collapse)
White / White Other75838082
Base2,794350270130
Education / health
Special educational needs618923
Base2,415301200107
Health condition, illness or impairment7192532
Base2,733332264122
General health (self-rated)
Very good61473628
CharacteristicMentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
Good32364843
Fair to very bad7171629
Base2,794350271130
Parent's occupational class
Managerial and professional47404737
Intermediate22222416
Routine and manual30382947
Base2,19825518594
Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile
Least deprived17141917
2nd18211615
3rd21202421
4th23222322
Most deprived22241826
Base2,794350271130
Family circumstances
Parent with serious mental health issues7161218
Base2,415299197107
Parent experienced a stressful life event since the child was born37564864
Base2,414300199107
Family functioning (McMaster)
Up to 1.5 (well-functioning)41274132
1.5 – 2.043423538
≥ 2.01 (poorly functioning)17322430
Base2,385298192107

Categories may not sum to 100 due to rounding. ‘Most deprived’ is lowest quintile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Family functioning: McMaster 12-item score, with ≥2.01 indicating poor functioning. 2.13 Trauma exposure and ongoing impact by mental health class

Trauma itemMentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
Ever experienced a traumatic event9162227
Base2,794350271130
Affected by trauma at the time (% of those reporting trauma)55607975
Base235486033
Still affected by past trauma (% of those reporting trauma)20374364
Base236486033

‘Affected by trauma at the time’ and ‘still affected by past trauma’ are conditional on reporting any traumatic event and so have a much smaller base.

2.14 Substance use by mental health class

Behaviour (%)Mentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
Drinking
Regularly (daily or weekly)12151723
Occasionally (monthly or less)28314839
No longer drinking2214
Never had a drink58533435
Base2,742335265122
Smoking
Never smoked78685648
Former smoker13152426
Occasional smoker4676
Regular smoker4121320
Base2,740333264122
Drugs
Ever tried drugs14212835
Base2,748336267122
Help/treatment for drug use (% of lifetime drug users)19212
Base288536138

Drug-treatment receipt is conditional on lifetime drug use.

2.15 School, activities and social media by mental health class

School / activities / social media (%)Mentally wellAttention difficultiesEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)(%)(%)difficulties (%)
School
Ever excluded from school21238
Base2,58426215375
Participates in groups/clubs at school72605842
Base2,625319250114
Participates in groups/clubs outside school64465452
Base2,785348270126
Social media on a school day
Less than 1 hour43352618
1 – 2 hours25192215
2 – 4 hours21223429
More than 4 hours12241838
Base2,079271244102
Social media – type of contact
Contact with people known offline999910098
Contact with people only known online12161819
Base2,404281247110

Social-media time refers to a typical school day and excludes time spent playing games.

2.16 Informal and professional help-seeking

Help and support (%)Mentally wellAttentionEmotional difficultiesMultiple types of MH
(%)difficulties (%)(%)difficulties (%)
Informal help
Ever sought informal help17334548
Base2,783350267130
At least one informal source helpful (% of those who sought informal help)96908888
Base40011210754
Professional help
Ever sought professional help14394449
Base2,783350267130
At least one professional source helpful (% of those who sought professional help)84828586
Base37113611466

Items on whether help was useful are conditional on having sought help of that type.

Appendix 3: General Practice Patient Survey (GPPS)

Samuel Tromans, Zoe Morgan, Benjamin Brewer, Rachel Williams, Traolach Brugha, Sally McManus. Summary Overall, there have been steep rises in the proportion of adults who self-report having autism: much steeper than rises in the proportion reporting a mental health condition or learning disability. Self-reported autism rose from 0.90% in 2018 to 2.59% in 2025, most of the rise has happened from 2022 onwards (1.43% in 2022, 1.73% in 2023, 2.34% in 2024, 2.59% in 2025). Learning disability is broadly stable (1.52% to 1.90%). Mental health condition rose from 9.06% in 2018 to 13.82% in 2025. Self-reported autism in people registered with a GP surgery rose across every ethnic and gender category, much faster than self-reported mental health condition (which rises modestly) or learning disability (broadly flat). The steepest rises are in women, in the non-binary/prefer- to-self-describe categories, and in the Mixed and Other ethnic groups. For a fuller presentation of these results, please see the peer-reviewed papers now published: Tromans, S. J., Morgan, Z. L., Brewer, B., Williams, R., Brugha, T. S., & McManus, S. (2026). Trends in Self-Reported Autism Among Adults in England: Analysis of a Repeated Cross-Sectional Patient Survey Series of 5,999,433 Adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-5. The data is also examined in this related publication: Tromans, S. J., Teece, L., Saunders, C., McManus, S., & Brugha, T. (2024). Characteristics and primary care experiences of people who self-report as autistic: a probability sample survey of adults registered with primary care services in England. BMJ open, 14(9), e081388. Data and analysis The GP Patient Survey (GPPS) is an annual, large-scale survey of adults registered with a GP in England, commissioned by NHS England and run by Ipsos. It collects patients' views on their experience of primary care, including access to appointments, satisfaction with services, and continuity of care, alongside self-reported information on long-term physical and mental health conditions, including autism, learning disability and mental health problems. Because it is administered every year to several hundred thousand respondents and uses a consistent question set, it offers a uniquely large and timely source for tracking changes in self-reported conditions in the general adult population over time.

Results

3.1 Proportion of adults self-reporting autism, learning disability and a mental health condition overall and by ethnic group (GPPS 2018-2025)

ConditionEthnic group20182019202020212022202320242025
AutismWhiten/N2,698/574,7253,094/579,1743,037/546,4543,848/629,5243,906/533,1214,974/563,0916,434/520,3207,233/527,251
%0.9221.0531.051.1571.5241.8392.4862.785
95% CI0.8753, 0.97121.004, 1.1050.9986, 1.1051.108, 1.2081.46, 1.5911.77, 1.9112.402, 2.5732.697, 2.876
Mixedn/N94/7,039105/7,760103/7,673148/9,845168/9,262216/10,408294/9,273356/10,001
%2.0362.1621.9132.0922.362.8234.4295.894
95% CI1.578, 2.6231.65, 2.8291.493, 2.4481.705, 2.5651.935, 2.8772.348, 3.3923.816, 5.1355.079, 6.83
Asiann/N188/49,577216/50,898195/49,905298/63,566339/57,469445/65,043569/59,436636/63,040
%0.51310.56140.47430.59540.74590.97741.3311.341
95% CI0.3819, 0.689.4718, .668.3903, .5764.4927, .7193.643, .865.8477, 1.1271.174, 1.5081.183, 1.52
Blackn/N73/19,580115/20,517121/19,300144/24,702164/24,071226/28,814316/31,326291/35,083
%0.50420.86180.85680.90711.0011.1631.51.41
95% CI0.3721, 0.68270.6583, 1.1270.6871, 1.0680.7385, 1.1140.7916, 1.2660.9794, 1.3811.246, 1.8051.142, 1.74
Othern/N59/10,222100/11,67892/11,292116/14,41995/12,189156/14,053248/14,848289/15,457
%0.56950.95271.0330.82430.94061.3382.3092.351
95% CI0.4076, 0.79530.733, 1.2370.7884, 1.3520.6448, 1.0530.7165, 1.2341.051, 1.7031.939, 2.7492.000, 2.762
Overalln/N3,122/661,1433,630/670,0273,548/634,6244,554/742,0564,672/636,1126,017/681,4097,861/635,203,805/650,832
%0.8851.0221.0081.1051.4311.7272.342.59
95% CI.8422, -9299.9774, 1.069.9624, 1.0561.061, 1.151.376, 1.491.667, 1.7892.268, 2.4152.514, 2.669
ConditionEthnic group20182019202020212022202320242025
Learning disabilityWhiten/N5,622/574,7255,879/579,1745,700/546,4546,599/629,5245,592/533,1216,274/563,0915,125/520,3205,487/527,251
%1.5361.6211.6371.6951.8731.9631.7351.915
95% CI1.481, 1.5931.565, 1.6791.58, 1.6961.639, 1.7541.803, 1.9461.896, 2.0331.669, 1.8031.844, 1.989
Mixedn/N145/7,039161/7,760149/7,673232/9,845238/9,262270/10,408247/9,273306/10,001
%2.4662.6782.7273.6243.213.4583.4094.084
95% CI1.983, 3.0632.172, 3.2972.208, 3.3632.835, 4.6212.659, 3.872.959, 4.0382.887, 4.0223.488, 4.778
Asiann/N534/49,577575/50,898510/49,905616/63,566642/57,469797/65,043660/59,436735/63,040
%1.1821.1771.1641.161.3641.4651.2931.385
95% CI1.044, 1.3381.056, 1.3111.021, 1.3251.041, 1.2921.223, 1.5211.327, 1.6161.149, 1.4551.214, 1.578
Blackn/N259/19,580266/20,517297/19,300336/24,702324/24,071403/28,814422/31,326404/35,083
%1.5991.512.2021.8211.7111.7151.7131.5
95% CI1.359, 1.881.282, 1.7761.861, 2.6041.573, 2.1081.477, 1.9821.486, 1.9791.489, 1.9691.281, 1.756
Othern/N148/10,222193/11,678182/11,292208/14,419219/12,189286/14,053304/14,848378/15,457
%1.6231.7451.7781.4381.9022.2322.5172.81
95% CI1.307, 2.0141.446, 2.1051.453, 2.1751.209, 1.711.587, 2.2771.84, 2.7052.159, 2.9322.428, 3.25
Overalln/N6,708/661,1437,074/670,0276,838/634,6247,991/742,0567,015/636,1128,030/681,4096,758/635,2037,310/650,832
%1.5241.61.6351.6781.8441.9371.741.901
95% CI1.473, 1.5761.549, 1.6521.583, 1.691.626, 1.7321.782, 1.9081.878, 1.9981.682, 1.81.838, 1.966
Mental health conditionWhiten/N45,341/574,72548,898/579,17448,901/546,45461,111/629,52454,971/533,12160,491/563,09161,343/520,32062,518/527,251
%9.65910.5311.2311.9613.3113.8514.8415.27
ConditionEthnic group20182019202020212022202320242025
95% CI9.542, 9.77710.41, 10.6611.1, 11.3611.83, 12.0813.16, 13.4513.7, 1414.68, 14.9915.11, 15.43
Mixedn/N805/7,039984/7,760975/7,6731,319/9,8451,428/9,2621,636/10,408,759/9,2731,813/10,001
%11.6914.414.5214.3517.4818.0620.7920.67
95% CI10.69, 12.7813.18, 15.7113.39, 15.7313.28, 15.516.33, 18.6916.92, 19.2519.52, 22.1319.42, 21.98
Asiann/N2,062/49,5772,347/50,8982,376/49,9053,031/63,5663,295/57,4693,928/65,0434,117/59,4364,507/63,040
%4.3064.9575.2415.1235.9566.687.0757.53
95% CI4.006, 4.6284.681, 5.2484.921, 5.584.858, 5.4015.674, 6.2516.358, 7.0166.767, 7.3967.19, 7.885
Blackn/N975/19,5801,026/20,5171,085/19,3001,371/24,7021,537/24,0711,759/28,8141,993/31,3262,114/35,083
%5.4145.5356.2266.2387.2146.7736.5336.22
95% CI4.964, 5.9025.078, 6.0315.729, 6.7635.783, 6.7266.712, 7.756.348, 7.2246.111, 6.9815.812, 6.653
Othern/N675/10,222837/11,678810/11,2921,043/14,419968/12,1891,285/14,0531,580/14,8481,671/15,457
%6.5667.0757.4827.1038.318.8311.2111.58
95% CI5.91, 7.2896.324, 7.9076.83, 8.1916.512, 7.7447.562, 9.1238.172, 9.53610.48, 11.9810.77, 12.44
Overalln/N49,858/661,14354,092/670,02754,147/634,62467,875/742,05662,199/636,11269,099/681,40970,792/635,20372,623/650,832
%9.0599.89810.5311.0512.3212.7513.5613.84
95% CI8.953, 9.1669.786, 10.0110.41, 10.6510.94, 11.1712.19, 12.4512.62, 12.8813.42, 13.713.7, 13.98

3.2 Proportion of adults self-reporting autism, learning disability and a mental health condition by gender (GPPS 2018-2025)

ConditionGender20182019202020212022202320242025
AutismMalen/N1,976/292,6872,309/296,9912,289/282,0532,753/322,9562,531/268,6103,026/287,4873,843/271,7794,036/276,644
%1.321.5051.4981.5981.932.1452.8312.992
95% CI1.243, 1.4011.424, 1.591.415, 1.5871.519, 1.681.83, 2.0352.044, 2.2512.708, 2.9592.866, 3.123
Femalen/N1,149/371,6281,337/375,5741,234/345,2491,611/414,6271,885/364,2772,592/385,3483,625/365,1284,280/374,257
%.4643.5519.5304.572.82031.1441.611.888
95% CI0.4269, 0.50510.5142, 0.59240.4919, 0.5720.5341, 0.61260.773, 0.87051.085, 1.2071.54, 1.6831.812, 1.967
Non-binaryn/N96/1,029147/1,332199/1,438262/944314/1,063
%12.3516.2320.4532.5333.35
95% CI9.48, 15.9413.26, 19.7117.41, 23.8728.41, 36.9529.25, 37.71
Prefer to self-describen/N21/85344/1,13141/87981/87191/906
%2.9095.8255.38213.3417.78
95% CI1.609, 5.2064.002, 8.4043.592, 7.9899.46, 18.4812.62, 24.47
Prefer not to sayn/N44/2,64784/5,334129/6,450176/4,462185/4,465
%2.1142.5013.5146.7996.588
95% CI1.436, 3.1021.878, 3.3242.611, 4.7155.377, 8.5645.425, 7.979
Overalln/N3,125/664,3153,646/672,5653,523/627,3024,525/742,1124,691/640,6845,987/681,6027,987/643,1848,906/657,335
%0.88341.021.0121.1011.4241.7162.3422.585
95% CI0.8407, 0.92810.9754, 1.0660.9655, 1.061.058, 1.1471.368, 1.4811.657, 1.7782.27, 2.4162.51, 2.663
Learning disabilityMalen/N3,792/292,6873,923/296,9913,691/282,0534,237/322,9563,560/268,6103,954/287,4873,386/271,7793,666/276,644
%2.0082.0782.0462.1192.3222.3422.1222.332
ConditionGender20182019202020212022202320242025
95% CI1.921, 2.0991.992, 2.1691.957, 2.1382.03, 2.2122.215, 2.4342.243, 2.4462.023, 2.2252.223, 2.446
Femalen/N2,955/371,6283,184/375,5743,061/345,2493,574/414,6273,290/364,2773,755/385,3483,330/365,1283,589/374,257
%1.0661.1311.2321.2291.321.4741.3431.436
95% CI1.014, 1.121.08, 1.1851.173, 1.2931.172, 1.2881.259, 1.3851.409, 1.5421.282, 1.4071.371, 1.503
Non-binaryn/N54/1,02968/1,332101/1,43886/94488/1,063
%5.4976.858.678.9210.93
95% CI3.857, 7.7774.91, 9.4826.716, 11.126.794, 11.638.457, 14.02
Prefer to self-describen/N27/85335/1,13142/87953/87149/906
%3.7363.446.0638.5868.199
95% CI2.292, 6.0342.169, 5.4163.98, 9.1315.8, 12.535.4, 12.26
Prefer not to sayn/N57/2,647121/5,334153/6,450117/4,462116/4,465
%2.8123.5323.1253.5743.349
95% CI1.865, 4.222.601, 4.782.48, 3.932.802, 4.5492.589, 4.323
Overalln/N6,747/664,3157,107/672,5656,752/627,3027,949/742,1127,074/640,6848,005/681,6026,972/643,1847,508/657,335
%1.5271.5961.6361.6771.8381.9331.7651.92
95% CI1.477, 1.581.546, 1.6481.583, 1.6911.625, 1.7311.776, 1.9011.874, 1.9941.707, 1.8251.857, 1.986
Mental health conditionMalen/N18,667/292,68720,338/296,99120,136/282,05323,887/322,95621,233/268,61023,592/287,48724,520/271,77947,025/374,257
%7.8968.6999.1239.35810.3810.7311.4411.77
95% CI7.741, 8.0548.536, 8.8668.95, 9.2999.193, 9.52610.19, 10.5810.53, 10.9211.24, 11.6411.56, 11.98
Femalen/N31,379/371,62833,895/375,57433,262/345,24943,185/414,62740,261/364,27744,102/385,34845,812/365,12824,849/276,644
ConditionGender20182019202020212022202320242025
%10.1511.0311.8412.4713.8214.2915.1115.26
95% CI10, 10.2910.87, 11.1811.68, 12.0112.32, 12.6313.65, 1414.12, 14.4614.94, 15.2915.09, 15.44
Non-binaryn/N349/1,029430/1,332488/1,438465/944528/1,063
%39.4244.8947.2954.155.97
95% CI35.04, 43.9741.01, 48.8343.4, 51.2249.5, 58.6251.69, 60.17
Prefer to self-describen/N108/853166/1,131170/879212/871223/906
%16.7217.0725.5132.0133.2
95% CI12.64, 21.7914.14, 20.4621.19, 30.3728.06, 38.77
Prefer not to sayn/N252/2,647543/5,334663/6,450609/4,462666/4,465
%10.2512.5712.3716.419.32
95% CI8.601, 12.1611.1, 14.211.05, 13.8314.73, 18.2317.5, 21.29
Overalln/N50,046/664,31554,233/672,56553,398/627,30267,781/742,11262,633/640,68469,015/681,60271,618/643,18473,291/657,335
%9.0459.88310.4911.0212.312.7313.5313.82
95% CI8.939, 9.1529.771, 9.99610.37, 10.6110.91, 11.1412.17, 12.4312.6, 12.8613.4, 13.6713.68, 13.96

Appendix 4: The OxWell Student Survey

Emma Soneson, Mirela Zaneva, Mina Fazel, and the Oxwell Study Team Summary The OxWell Student Survey 2025 is a large-scale, repeated, non-identifiable school-based survey designed to examine the wellbeing, mental health, and educational experiences of children and adolescents aged 9–18 years in England. In 2025, over 35,000 students from 95 primary, secondary, and further education institutions participated. The survey was co-developed with young people and administered online during the school day. Approximately one in five students self-identified as neurodivergent with about 15% of those thinking they are autistic and over half reporting ADHD. Overlapping vulnerabilities, including loneliness, school absence, and self-harm, were frequently observed. Some of the results presented below are under review or being prepared for publication, and results may be different in the final published papers. Results

4.1 Self-Identified Mental Health Difficulties: 2021 'Yes' responses by gender and year group

GenderYear groupSelf-identified MHDN%
GirlY08Yes118046.17
Y09Yes146358.94
Y10Yes123661.77
Y11Yes7659.84
Y12Yes53667.51
Y13Yes7356.59
BoyY08Yes51823.82
Y09Yes55728.80
Y10Yes43832.02
Y11Yes4328.29
Y12Yes23143.83
Y13Yes5646.67
Other/Prefer not to answerY08Yes20774.46
Y09Yes22476.98
Y10Yes15081.52
Y11Yes1372.22
Y12Yes6685.71
Y13Yes872.73

4.2 Self-Identified Mental Health Difficulties: 2023 'Yes' responses by gender and year group

GenderYear groupSelf-identified MH difficultiesN%
GirlY07Yes - in the past 12 months55320.99
Y07Yes - more than a year ago2017.63
Y08Yes - in the past 12 months66529.27
Y08Yes - more than a year ago2028.89
Y09Yes - in the past 12 months76333.57
Y09Yes - more than a year ago25511.22
Y10Yes - in the past 12 months63638.69
Y10Yes - more than a year ago21112.83
Y11Yes - in the past 12 months66339.3
Y11Yes - more than a year ago26715.83
Y12Yes - in the past 12 months41242.13
Y12Yes - more than a year ago13513.8
Y13Yes - in the past 12 months25444.8
Y13Yes - more than a year ago9717.11
BoyY07Yes - in the past 12 months25612.65
Y07Yes - more than a year ago1296.37
Y08Yes - in the past 12 months31614.56
Y08Yes - more than a year ago1547.09
Y09Yes - in the past 12 months33216.31
Y09Yes - more than a year ago1487.27
Y10Yes - in the past 12 months24617.29
Y10Yes - more than a year ago1067.45
Y11Yes - in the past 12 months28221.73
Y11Yes - more than a year ago13010.02
Y12Yes - in the past 12 months19523.93
Y12Yes - more than a year ago10112.39
Y13Yes - in the past 12 months13123.1
Y13Yes - more than a year ago7713.58
Gender diverseY07Yes - in the past 12 months3357.89
Y07Yes - more than a year ago814.04
Y08Yes - in the past 12 months3658.06
Y08Yes - more than a year ago812.9
Y09Yes - in the past 12 months3968.42
Y09Yes - more than a year ago814.04
Y10Yes - in the past 12 months2959.18
Y10Yes - more than a year ago612.24
Y11Yes - in the past 12 months2167.74
Y11Yes - more than a year ago722.58
Y12Yes - in the past 12 months2969.05
Y12Yes - more than a year ago819.05
Y13Yes - in the past 12 months2374.19
Y13Yes - more than a year ago39.68
Gender non-disclosingY07Yes - in the past 12 months4630.87
Y07Yes - more than a year ago96.04
Y08Yes - in the past 12 months5940.41
Y08Yes - more than a year ago117.53
Y09Yes - in the past 12 months4434.65
Y09Yes - more than a year ago1411.02
Y10Yes - in the past 12 months5240.94
Y10Yes - more than a year ago1411.02
Y11Yes - in the past 12 months4851.06
Y11Yes - more than a year ago99.57
Y12Yes - in the past 12 months2051.28
Y12Yes - more than a year ago512.82
Y13Yes - in the past 12 months1544.12

Y13 Yes - more than a year ago 5 14.71

4.3 Self-Identified Neurodivergence: 2023 'Yes' responses by gender and year group

GenderYear groupSelf-identified neurodivergenceN%
GirlY07Yes51815.13
Y08Yes51617.57
Y09Yes47216.42
Y10Yes40118.45
Y11Yes39918.13
Y12Yes28721.39
Y13Yes15620.58
BoyY07Yes59019.87
Y08Yes54619.14
Y09Yes49118.24
Y10Yes40719.5
Y11Yes39620.73
Y12Yes29623.53
Y13Yes23025.76
Gender diverseY07Yes4150.62
Y08Yes3753.62
Y09Yes2842.42
Y10Yes2747.37
Y11Yes2352.27
Y12Yes3772.55
Y13Yes2765.85
Gender non-disclosingY07Yes6229.25
Y08Yes5827.1
Y09Yes5531.98
Y10Yes5429.67
Y11Yes4431.65
Y12Yes2436.36
Y13Yes2034.48

4.4 Self-Identified Neurodivergence: 2025 ‘Yes' responses by gender

GendernN%
Do you think you have ADHD or are autistic and/ or are neurodivergent in another way?
YesOverall47342696917.6
Boys22551256218.0
Girls20861347615.5
Which do you think you have? (tick all that apply) (Autistic/ADHD (or ADD)/Other)
Self-reports having autismAutism%
Overall3078839436.7
Boys1488386738.5
Girls1251398031.4
Self-reports having ADHD/ADDADHD%
Overall4734839456.4
Boys2253386758.3
Girls2173398054.6
Self-reports otherOther%
Overall1205839414.4
Boys415386710.7
Girls680398017.1
Was this diagnosed by a healthcare professional?
YesOf those reporting autism%
Overall1517307849.3
Boys833148856.0
Girls539125143.1
YesOf those reporting ADHD
Overall1365473428.8
Boys755225333.5
Girls513217323.6
Do you think you have one or more of the following: dyslexia, dyspraxia, or have learning difficulties?
YesOverall44382696916.5
Boys18321256214.6
Girls23411347617.4

Girls 2341 13476 17.4

References Statistics reference Emma Soneson, Mirela Zaneva, Mina Fazel (personal correspondence, 2026). The OxWell Student Survey, 2025 Wave. (https://oxwell.org/). Zaneva, M., Fazel, M., White, S. R., van Bergen, E., Weir, E., The OxWell Study Team, Happé, F., & Skripkauskaite, S. (under review). One in three secondary school students in England report being neurodivergent: Overlapping typologies, diagnostic pathways and demographic inequalities. OxWell protocol Mansfield, K. L., Puntis, S., Soneson, E., Cipriani, A., Geulayov, G., & Fazel, M. (2021). Study protocol: the OxWell school survey investigating social, emotional and behavioural factors associated with mental health and well-being. BMJ open, 11(12), e052717. General OxWell and relevant references Soneson, E., Fazel, M., Goli, P. S., & White, S. R. (2025). Are adolescents sensitive about sensitive data? Exploring student concerns about privacy, confidentiality, and data use in health research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 76(6), 1008-1017. White, S. R., Soneson, E., Fazel, M., & The OxWell Study Team. (2024). Networks of care for the modern adolescent. Psychological Medicine, 54(16), 4537-4550.

Appendix 5: Preventable Death Reports (PDR)

Sam Rodgers, Sally McManus Summary

50 PDRs mention ADHD (6294 have been done overall). Main ways recommendations in reports mentioning ADHD differ from reports in general is extent to which they relate to: care co-ordination, commissioning failure, and inadequate risk assessment. The recommendations mentioning ADHD are also more likely than other reports to be directed to the following sectors: suicide, mental health, substance medication, and custody.

105 PDRs mention autism. Main ways recommendations in reports mentioning autism differ from reports in general is extent to which they relate to: inadequate risk assessment, care coordination, failure to adjust, and commissioning failure. They are also more likely that other PDRs to be directed to the following sectors: suicide, mental health, child death, community healthcare.

Data and analysis Preventable Death Reports (PDRs), formally known as Prevention of Future Deaths (PFD) reports in England and Wales, are official documents issued by coroners when an inquest reveals circumstances that could lead to further deaths if not addressed. Coroners have a legal duty to write these reports to any person, organisation, local authority, or government department whose action (or inaction) they believe could prevent similar deaths in the future. Recipients are required to respond within 56 days, detailing what actions they have taken or plan to take, or explaining why no action is being taken. The reports and responses are published by the Chief Coroner's office and serve as an important public accountability mechanism, often prompting changes in healthcare practices, safety regulations, infrastructure, and policy. Similar mechanisms exist in other jurisdictions, such as coroners' recommendations in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, where they play a comparable role in identifying systemic risks revealed through individual deaths. PDRs are publicly available documents, 6,294 published reports available since their launch in 2016 were identified. The brief reports were coded to enable analysis of all recorded details to enable topics to be identified. The recommendations were classified according to a typology of the type of recommendation made and to what type of organisation. Reports were then run to see what recommendations coroners made after the death of someone where the report mentioned ‘ADHD’, ‘autism’, ‘eating disorder’ (and synonyms). Results

MentionNumber of reports
Autism, ASD105
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD50
Any mention of neurodiversity/ADHD and/or autism158
Eating disorder35
All PDRs6294

5.2 Five most common types of concern raised in PDFs that mention autism, ADHD and neurodiversity (PDR 2016 to 2025)

Five most common types of concern raisedNumber of mentions
In reports mentioning ADHD
Inadequate risk assessment35
Care co-ordination30
Protocol not followed29
Communication failure28
Inadequate monitoring25
In reports mentioning autism
Inadequate risk assessment98
Protocol not followed77
Communication failure66
No protocol exists64
Training competency61
In reports mentioning eating disorder
Communication failure25
No protocol exists23
Care coordination22
Inadequate risk assessment21
Poor record keeping17

5.3 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning autism differ from PDRs in general (PDR 2016 to 2025)

Type of concernN of autism PDRs% of PDRs thatNumber of% of all PDRs citing thisDifference in %
mention autismmentions in all
citing thisPDRs
n%N%
Inadequate risk assessment9877.22,97647.329.9
Care coordination5946.51,78928.418.1
Failure to adjust2620.51582.518
Commissioning failure2418.92263.615.3
Resource constraints4636.21,3842214.2
Training competency61482,3933810
Referral failure2519.764410.29.5
Protocol not followed7760.63,24051.59.1
Safeguarding failure2015.74547.28.5
Observation frequency failure1713.43305.28.2
Staffing levels282291814.67.4
Delayed treatment5140.22,13033.86.4
Ligature risk118.71602.56.2
Transition of care129.42123.46
Follow up failure2418.983713.35.6

5.4 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning ADHD differ from PDRs in general (PDR 2016 to 2025)

Type of concernN of ADHD PDRs citing this% of ADHD PDRs citing thisNumber of% of all PDRs citing thisDifference in %
mentions in all
PDRs
n%N%
Care coordination3257.11,78928.428.7
Commissioning failure1526.82263.623.2
Inadequate risk assessment3969.62,97647.322.3
Discharge failure1526.884413.413.4
Resource constraints1933.91,3842211.9
Referral failure1221.464410.211.2
Observation frequency failure916.13305.210.9
Medication error142591114.510.5
Delayed treatment2442.92,13033.89.1
Transition of care610.72123.47.3
Safeguarding failure814.34547.27.1
Ligature risk58.91602.56.4
Regulatory gap1017.972711.66.3
Inadequate monitoring2748.22,68042.65.6
Protocol not followed3257.13,24051.55.6

5.5 Concerns raised: Ways in which PDRs mentioning eating disorder differ from PDRs in general (PDR 2016 to 2025)

Type of concernN of ED PDRs citing this% of ED PDRs citing thisNumber of% of all PDRs citing thisDifference in %
mentions in all
PDRs
n%N%
Care coordination2262.91,78928.434.4
Commissioning failure1234.32263.630.7
Communication failure2571.43,04848.423.0
Discharge failure1234.384413.420.9
Resource constraints1542.91,38422.020.9
Follow up failure1131.483713.318.1
No protocol exists2365.72,99747.618.1
Information sharing1440.01,40422.317.7
Referral failure925.764410.215.5
Poor record keeping1748.62,10633.515.1
Staffing levels1028.691814.614,0
Failure to escalate1337.11,47923.513.6
IT systems822.963510.112.8
Inadequate risk assessment21602,97647.312.7
Undiagnosed condition514.31732.711.5

5.6 Sector addressed: Ways in which PDRs mentioning autism differ from PDRs in general (PDR 2016 to 2025) 5.7 Sector addressed: Ways in which PDRs mentioning ADHD differ from PDRs in general (PDR 2016 to 2025)

Type of concernN of autism PDRs% of autism PDRsNumber of all% of all PDRsDifference in %
citing thisciting thisPDRs citing thisciting this
n%N%
Suicide2318.14116.511.6
Mental health1713.44076.56.9
Child death129.42203.55.9
Community healthcare97.13625.81.3
Police10.8781.2-0.4
Emergency services21.61482.4-0.8
Care home64.73806-1.3
Custody53.93475.5-1.6
Substance / medication21.63225.1-3.5
Other97.167810.8-3.7
Transport43.14947.8-4.7
Hospital3729.12,44738.9-9.8
Type of concernN of ADHD PDRs% of ADHD PDRsNumber of all% of all PDRsDifference in %
citing thisciting thisPDRs citing thisciting this
n%N%
Suicide1119.64116.513.1
Mental health1119.64076.513.1
Substance / medication610.73225.15.6
Custody610.73475.55.2
Child death35.42203.51.9
Emergency services11.81482.4-0.6
Police0-781.2-1.2
Community healthcare23.63625.8-2.2
Care home11.83806-4.2
Transport11.84947.8-6.0
Other11.867810.8-9.0
Hospital1323.22,44738.9-15.7
Type of concernN of ED PDRs% of ED PDRsNumber of all% of all PDRsDifference in %
citing thisciting thisPDRs citing thisciting this
n%N%
tal health514.34076.57.8
Community healthcare411.43625.85.7
Suicide411.44116.54.9
Hospital1542.92,44738.94.0
Other514.367810.83.5
Child death12.92203.5-0.6
Care home12.93806-3.2

Appendix 6: National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)

Soazig Clifton, on behalf of the Natsal Team Summary Natsal-4 shows striking changes in sexual behaviours and identities over the past decade, especially for young people. Many of these have strong associations with mental health. Data and analysis The DHSC has commissioned an independent review to understand the prevalence, trends and inequalities associated with mental health conditions, ADHD and autism. We would like to draw attention to upcoming findings from the fourth round of the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-4) which provide relevant contextual information on prevalence and trends in sexual behaviours, identities, and sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Sexual and mental health are closely interconnected, with evidence of bidirectional relationships. Poor mental wellbeing and common mental health conditions, such as depression, are associated with sexual function problems, low sexual desire and lower satisfaction with one’s sex life, and with behaviours that increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancy1,2,3,4. On the other hand, positive aspects of sexuality and romantic relationships are linked to better overall wellbeing.15 The Natsal Surveys are large, decennial, probability sample surveys that form the main source of evidence about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in the British general population (www.natsal.ac.uk). Natsal-4 took place between 2022 and 2024, and the first findings are due to be published in autumn 2026.Natsal’s unique contribution is its high-quality, detailed data on sexual behaviour and outcomes that are representative of the British general population (aged 16-59 years). We (the Natsal team) have provided high-level findings below to inform the review, but exact estimates are not provided as Natsal findings are not yet published. Results Evidence from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes & Lifestyles (Natsal) to inform an independent review into mental health conditions, ADHD and autism. Natsal-4 shows striking changes in sexual behaviours and identities over the past decade, especially for young people:

There have been increases in the proportion of young people (age 16-24 years) who have never had sex, and decreases in the proportions reporting one or more new partners in the past year (even among those who have had sex). These changes are new, with the proportions reporting sexual activity (across various measures) having been relatively stable over the first three Natsal surveys (1990, 2000, 2010). These findings are in line with recent findings from long-running population surveys in some other countries, including the USA6. The causes and consequences of these changes in young people’s sexual activity are not yet well understood.

Natsal-4 has also shown a decrease in the proportion of young people in a ‘steady’ relationship (including marriage, civil partnership, cohabiting and non-cohabiting ‘steady’ relationships), compared with Natsal-3 (2010). Those not in a steady relationship in Natsal-4 were more likely to screen positive for depression and generalised anxiety disorder, and to report often/always feeling lonely.

Despite these decreases in sexual activity described above, the proportion of sexually active young people reporting behaviours associated with increased likelihood of STI acquisition remained relatively similar to Natsal-3 (2010), and young people remained the age group most likely to report these behaviours.

There have been increases in the proportions of women and men across all age groups and genders reporting a sexual minority identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other minority identity) or same-sex behaviour or attraction. These trends are in line with ONS data on sexual identity over the past decade, and data from other countries.7,8,9 Age differences in same-sex identity,

attraction, and experience were most notable among women, with all of these most commonly reported by younger women.

Natsal-4 provides up-to-date insights on a range of sexual and reproductive health experiences relevant to mental health and wellbeing:

Natsal-4 included a novel validated measure of sexual wellbeing, defined as ‘feeling respected, safe, at ease and supported, while also having a sense of self-worth and agency, in relation to sex and sexuality.’ Low sexual wellbeing was associated with screening positive for depression and anxiety and low mental wellbeing, particularly for men. Young people (aged 16-24 years) were the age group most likely to be categorised as having low sexual wellbeing.

In Natsal-4, experience of sexual violence and harassment (asked about since age 16) was common, especially among women, and disproportionately experienced in young adulthood vs older adulthood. Experience of sexual violence was associated with poorer mental health across a range of measures, particularly for men. The majority of those experiencing sexual violence did not report this to the police. Due to a change in measurement, Natsal does not provide evidence on time trends in sexual violence.

Natsal-4 was the first survey in the series to collect data on online sexual behaviours (e.g. pornography use, sexting). These were common among most age groups in men and women, with prevalence higher among younger people, and pornography use (past year) especially prevalent among young men. Early and regular pornography use were each associated with poorer mental health and loneliness.

Reproductive health analyses in Natsal-4 showed striking changes in the population, particularly in younger women. Overall, more women reported definitely not wanting to have children, with the proportion quadrupling among under 35-year-olds. Natsal data found that hormonal contraception use declined in women under 35 years old and we know that impact on mood is one of the most common reason for discontinuing hormonal contraception. Using the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy, women who screened positive for depression or anxiety were more likely to report recent pregnancy as unplanned or ambivalent. Women who screened positive for depression or anxiety were also more likely to report ever experiencing infertility. However, these women did not appear to be more likely to seek help for infertility suggesting a potential barrier to care.

Methodological notes How was Natsal-4 conducted? Natsal-4 provides general population-level estimates on the SRH, attitudes and lifestyles of people aged 16-59-years-old resident in private households in Great Britain. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on face-to-face survey fieldwork in Britain, the final design of Natsal-4 is multi-mode, including two probability samples (an address-based probability sample (response rate 24%), and a probability panel (completion rate 61% of invited panellists)). Participants were surveyed using face-to-face, telephone (both with self-completion sections for sensitive questions) and online data collection. The final Natsal-4 probability sample consists of 6,729 in the probability samples. All Natsal-4 data presented are weighted to correct for unequal selection probabilities, and match the British population on variables such as age, geographic region, household composition and ethnicity. How were previous Natsals conducted? Natsal-1 (1990-91), -2 (1999-2001) and -3 (2010-12) were all stratified, clustered, probability samples of the British population using an address-based sample frame. Participants were surveyed using face- to-face methods, with a self-completion section for sensitive questions. Given the additional sampling and data collection methods used in Natsal-4, some caution is needed in interpreting findings on change over time. However, our internal investigations of bias, including sensitivity analyses restricted to the address-based sample only, and assessments of plausibility based on external literature, suggest that all trends reported above represent real changes, although estimates of the exact magnitude of change in our results papers should be treated with caution. Natsal-4 is a collaboration between University College London (UCL), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), the University of Glasgow, Örebro University Hospital, the National Centre for Social research (NatCen), and the University of Cambridge. The Natsal surveys are supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (212931/Z/18/Z), with contributions from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).

For further information contact Soazig Clifton (s.clifton@ucl.ac.uk) References

  1. Vasconcelos P, Carrito M, Quinta-Gomes AL, et al. Associations between sexual health and well-

being: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102: 873-887D.

  1. Field N, Prah P, Mercer CH, et al. Are depression and poor sexual health neglected comorbidities?

Evidence from a population sample. BMJ Open. 2016 Mar 23;6(3):e010521.

  1. Brook UK. Exploring the intersection of mental and sexual health: a literature review. 2024.

https://www.brook.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Exploring-the-Intersection-of-Mental-and- Sexual-Health- Final.pdf

  1. Jordan E, Dema E, Clifton S, Copas A, Riddell J, Bosó Pérez R, et al. Sexual behaviours and

lifestyles associated with poor mental health among British adults during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a large, quasirepresentative, cross-sectional web-panel survey (Natsal-COVID). Bmj Public Health. 2025;3:e001443.

  1. Braithwaite S & Holt-Lunstad J. Romantic relationships and mental health. Current Opinions in

Psychology 2017, 13: 120-125

  1. Twenge JM, Sherman RA, Wells BE. Sexual Inactivity During Young Adulthood Is More Common

Among U.S. Millennials and iGen: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Having No Sexual Partners After Age 18. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46: 433–40.

  1. Office for National Statistics (ONS). Sexual orientation, UK 2023. 2025.

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidenti tyuk/2023 (accessed Jan 9, 2026).

  1. Twenge JM, Sherman RA, Wells BE. Changes in American Adults’ Reported Same-Sex Sexual

Experiences and Attitudes, 1973-2014. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45: 1713–30.

  1. ANRS. First results of the national survey ‘Contexts of Sexualities in France 2023’.

https://anrs.fr/en/all-news/first-results-national-survey-contexts-of-sexualities-in-france-2023/.

Appendix 7: His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) prison inspection data

Annie Bunce, Elizabeth Cook, Janet Bowstead, Anita Mehay, Sally McManus Summary Data from HMIP’s inspections of all prisons in England and Wales, involving surveys of a random sample of over 100,000 prisoners, suggests that the proportion reporting poor mental health at the time they were admitted to prison has more than doubled over the last decade. Proportion of people in prisons in England and Wales reporting poor mental health on arrival in prison, HMIP prison inspection data from all prisons in England and Wales 2003-2022

Data and analysis HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) systematically collect survey data from adult prisoners as part of their inspections of all prisons in England and Wales (HMIP, 2025). Prisons are sampled for inspection for a range of operational reasons, with each prison inspected every two to five years (Reising et al., 2023). Within selected prisons, HMIP use a random sampling method to select prisoners, regardless of their period of incarceration and including those in segregation and on hospital wings. Paper questionnaires are distributed by HMIP staff to prisoners to self-complete. Participation is voluntary and the survey is confidential and anonymous. The response rate varies between years but is generally around 75% (65% in open establishments). Annual datasets have been archived with the UK Data Service. This analysis presents secondary analysis of the 2000-2022 datasets, accessed under Special Licence. The repeated cross-sectional samples have been combined for this study, comprising 107,347 survey participants from over 750 inspections of 155 prisons in England and Wales. It is likely that some prisoners were sampled more than once. Each year, the survey sample covered between 9.6% (2014) and 1.7% (during COVID-19 restrictions in 2020-2021) of the adult prison population. The prison population increased in size in the first decade of this century. An inspection question asked participants: ‘When you first arrived here, did you have any of the following problems?’ Response options (‘feeling depressed’, ‘feeling suicidal’, ‘other mental health problems’) were grouped to denote mental health problems on arrival (yes/no).

Year%nN
200319.83231628
200418.34352381
200516.54852935
200618.35913222
200716.76313786
200821.37003280
200917.06333720
201016.47994880
201118.510355595
201220.712576076
201325.216806674
201426.520897884
201529.521197176
201633.120016050
201735.525177098
201843.326936222
201944.227346188
202044.05661286
202148.017573662
202250.931776241
Total29.42822295984

References Bunce A, Cook EA, Bowstead JA, Mehay A, McManus S (under review) Trends over time in violence and victimisation in the adult prison population: cross-sectional surveys of 107,347 prisoners in 155 prisons in England and Wales, 2000 to 2022 HM Inspectorate of Prisons. Inspection framework [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://cloud- platform- e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/19/2025/03/Inspection- framework-2025.pdf

Reising K, Bowstead JC, Hardwick N, Meek R, Riley S, Simmonds J. HMIP Prisoner Survey: Adults in England and Wales – User Manual. 1 st Edition. [Internet]. Egham: Royal Holloway University of London; 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 26]. Available from: https://doc.ukdataservice.ac.uk/doc/9068/mrdoc/pdf/9068_hmip_prisoner_survey_user_guide_volume _a_20230531.pdf

Appendix 8: UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS)

Evie Tabor, Praveetha Patalay Summary Increases in distress have occurred in both higher education students and non-students, and on average distress is higher in non- students. Data and analysis: This analysis is an extension of data published in Tabor et al 2021. We extended the analysis to include the latest sweep of UKHLS data up to 2025. Tabor, E., Patalay, P., & Bann, D. (2021). Mental health in higher education students and non-students: evidence from a nationally representative panel study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 56(5), 879-882. Results

YearDistress (cont)Distress (binary)
(N)Mean (95% CI)% (95% CI)
StudentsNon-StudentsStudentsNon-Students
2010-12 (N=4,403)9.973 (9.691, 10.255)10.389 (10.122, 10.656)31.28 (28.70, 33.90)34.44 (31.90, 37.00)
2011-13 (N=4,217)10.708 (10.355, 11.061)10.919 (10.608, 11.230)34.40 (31.40, 37.40)37.26 (34.80, 39.70)
2012-14 (N=3,987)10.682 (10.269, 11.095)10.595 (10.265, 10.925)35.76 (32.80, 38.70)34.99 (32.30, 37.70)
2013-15 (N=3,944)10.522 (10.180, 10.865)10.919 (10.575, 11.263)34.67 (31.60, 37.70)38.82 (36.00, 41.70)
2014-16 (N=3,452)10.604 (10.242, 10.965)10.939 (10.538, 11.340)34.35 (31.10, 37.60)37.19 (33.80, 40.60)
2015-17 (N=3,888)10.515 (10.154, 10.875)10.871 (10.459, 11.282)34.23 (30.90, 37.60)37.25 (33.90, 40.60)
2016-18 (N=3,664)11.006 (10.602, 11.409)11.180 (10.755, 11.604)38.37 (35.00, 41.80)39.41 (36.20, 42.60)
2017-19 (N=3,296)11.664 (11.208, 12.120)12.084 (11.633, 12.534)42.72 (38.80, 46.60)47.02 (43.30, 50.80)
2018-20 (N=3,203)11.844 (11.423, 12.266)12.339 (11.888, 12.790)45.70 (41.70, 49.70)49.77 (46.00, 53.50)
2019-21 (N= 3,011)12.356 (11.824, 12.889)12.364 (11.807, 12.922)49.03 (44.50, 53.50)50.13 (45.70, 54.50)
2020-22 (N=2,707)12.725 (12.158, 13.292)12.760 (12.247, 13.272)51.40 (46.80, 56.00)51.34 (47.30, 55.40)
2021-23 (N=2,459)12.824 (12.243, 13.405)12.781 (12.181, 13.380)54.55 (50.00, 59.10)52.68 (48.40, 56.90)
2022-24 (N=1,890)12.502 (11.762, 13.242)13.184 (12.387, 13.982)54.75 (48.20, 61.30)56.70 (51.10, 62.30)
2023-25 (N=1,853)12.682 (11.916, 13.447)13.317 (12.517, 14.118)55.13 (49.40, 60.80)55.88 (50.30, 61.40)

55.88 (50.30, 61.40)

Appendix 9: 1958 and 1970 British Birth Cohorts

Laura Gimeno and Praveetha Patalay Summary This analysis examined mental health and self-reported contacts with the healthcare system for mental health problems. Aims were to describe the relationship between mental health and self-reported contacts with the healthcare system for mental health, and how this might differ by age and by cohort. We also describe on the self-reported reasons for mental healthcare contact. Summary of rationale

Understanding the relationship between symptoms and mental healthcare access is important as it helps better understand many things including healthcare seeking behaviours, pressure on services, unmet need, resource allocation etc.

Data on mental healthcare contacts from population-based studies is sparse, and hence there is limited data on who seeks mental healthcare and at what level of distress symptoms this is likely to be.

It is also important to understand the reasons that people attribute their seeking mental health support.

Summary of findings

Healthcare contact increases with psychological distress. Across both cohorts (NCDS58 and BCS70), the proportion of individuals reporting mental health-related healthcare contact rose linearly with Malaise score. At the clinical cut-off score of 4, over half reported contact since the previous sweep, consistently across ages and cohorts.

Those accessing care have worse mental health than their peers. At every age, mean Malaise scores were higher among people with healthcare contacts than in the cohort overall, most notably for those with contacts in the last 12 months, suggesting that those seeking support tend to have meaningfully elevated distress.

Recent contacts (last 12 months) show stronger age-related variation. While longer-term contact rates were broadly stable across ages at the same Malaise score, contacts in the last 12 months varied more markedly by age. In NCDS58, rates at a score of 4 rose from 17% at age 42 to 34% at age 50, before dipping slightly to 26% at ages 62–65. BCS70 showed a similar pattern, rising from 11% at age 30 to 41% at ages 46–48, then easing to 34% at ages 51–54.

Mental health of those in contact with services changes slightly across ages. Mean Malaise scores among individuals with healthcare contacts edged upward in earlier adulthood and then stabilised in both cohorts.

Mental health of those in contact with services does not change over time. When comparing mean distress scores of those seeking mental healthcare at the same ages around 12-15 years apart (in 2008, 2021-24) we see no changes, suggesting that for a certain amount of distress the likelihood of mental healthcare seeking has not changed in adults across these years.

Depression is the primary driver of help-seeking, followed by anxiety. At each age, feeling low, depressed, or sad was the most commonly cited reason for mental healthcare contact, with anxiety-related reasons second. The specific reasons recorded vary somewhat across sweeps, possibly reflecting how the experience of distress and motivations for seeking support shift across the life course.

Overall distress is higher in BCS70. Results on the associations between symptoms and healthcare access were broadly comparable between NCDS58 and BCS70. However, average Malaise scores in the BCS70 cohort were higher than in NCDS58 at equivalent ages, indicating a cohort-level increase in reported psychological distress over time, even though mean scores among those with healthcare contacts were similar across both cohorts. In other words, more people in the recent cohort experienced higher levels of distress and hence more people from this cohort sought mental healthcare. There is no evidence from these national cohorts that people are seeking support at lower levels of distress in recent years.

Data and analysis Datasets We used data from two nationally representative birth cohorts of people born in Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) in 1958 and 1970: the National Child Development Study (NCDS58) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70).1–3 Mental health In both cohorts, the 9-Item Malaise Inventory is used as our measure of mental ill-health, a shortened version of the 24-item Malaise Inventory,4 which captures depression and anxiety symptomatology (Appendix Table 1). The 9-item Malaise Inventory exhibits scalar invariance across NCDS58 and BCS70 and across different ages.5 Contacts with the healthcare system for mental health We show the questions used to measure self-reported contacts with the healthcare system for mental health in Appendix Tables 2 and 3. There were some differences in how questions were asked within and between cohorts, for instance, in terms of how the questions were routed. One notable difference between NCDS58 and BCS70 is related to the duration that cohort members are asked to recollect contacts with the healthcare system over, due to the timing of data collection sweeps. For instance, in BCS70, cohort members usually report contacts in the last 4 years, whilst in NCDS58 they tend to report these contacts over the last 8 years. However, the sequence of questions was generally similar. Cohort members were asked whether they had seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital since the last interview for their mental health, and for what reason (e.g., feeling depressed, anxious). Those who reported a healthcare contact since the last interview were then routed to a question of whether they had had a healthcare contact in the last 12 months. Since the duration of recall tended to vary across cohorts, we present most analyses stratified by cohort. However, at ages 50 in NCDS58 and 51-54 in BCS70, questions on contacts with the healthcare system are very similar, including the period that cohort members are asked to report on (within the last 4 years). We therefore provide a cohort comparison at ages 50/51-54 allowing us to understand changes over time in the same age group roughly 12-15 years apart in 2008 and 2021-24. Reasons for mental healthcare contacts Cohort members who reported having mental healthcare contact since the last interview were routed to questions on the reason for that contact. Multiple reasons could be given by the same cohort member. There was some variation in the reasons for healthcare contact that were asked about across sweeps. Consistent categories across all sweeps were (i) feeling low, depressed, or sad; (ii) feeling generally anxious or jittery; (iii) feeling anxious or scared about objects or situations; (iv) feeling compelled to repeat certain actions or thoughts; (v) hearing or seeing things that other people haven’t, and (vi) having other problems affecting your mood, emotions or behaviour. At ages 33 and 42 in NCDS58, and age 30 in BCS70, there were additional categories for feeling overconfident or overexcited, and for drink or drug-related issues. For consistency, we included these categories in the “other problems” group. Analysis Within each cohort and sweep:

  • We describe the distribution of 9-item Malaise scores.

We describe the proportion of cohort members who were in contact with the health system for their mental health since the last interview and in the last 12 months, for each score (0 to 9) on the 9-item Malaise Inventory (cross-sectionally).

We provide a breakdown of the reasons that cohort members gave at each healthcare contacts for mental health problems since the last interview.

We quantify the mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score for the cohort overall, and among those who were in contact with the healthcare system.

We then plot results for NCDS58 at age 50 and BCS70 at ages 51-54 side by side. Missing data strategy Like all longitudinal studies, NCDS58 and BCS70 have experienced attrition over time. The likelihood of dropping out from the study varies by characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic position, and health status.6–8 To mitigate biases introduced by loss to follow-up, we use cohort- and sweep-specific inverse probability weights (IPW) for non-response.8 To construct IPWs, we imputed data on common predictors of non-response among those still alive and resident in the population at each data collection sweep (the target population). Then, using logistic regression models, we predicted the probability of each cohort member responding to the sweep in question given their individual characteristics. Weights were the inverse of this predicted probability. We truncated weights to 10 to prevent extreme weights from exerting undue influence on the analyses and rescaled to sum to the number of sweep respondents.

Results: NCDS58 at ages 33 (1991), 42 (2000), 50 (2008) and 62-65 (2020-24)

Figure 1. Distribution of 9-item Malaise Inventory score and proportion at each score who self-reported healthcare contacts for mental health since the last interview and in the last 12 months in NCDS58.

Note: Dotted line shows clinical cut-off score of 4. Analyses are weighted for sweep non-response. No question on healthcare contacts in the last 12 months was asked at age 33.

The 9-item Malaise inventory follows a long-tailed distribution, with most cohort members having low scores of 0-1, but some individuals experiencing very high symptom levels.

The proportion of cohort members who had been in contact with the healthcare system for mental health since the last sweep (within last 8 years for reports at ages 33, 43, and 62-65, and the last 4 years at age 50) increased linearly with Malaise score.

For those with scores at the clinical cut-off of 4, more than 50% self-reported a healthcare contact since the last sweep.

The proportion of people who reported having healthcare contacts since the last sweep was similar across ages at the same Malaise Inventory score.

Differences were starker for self-reported healthcare contacts in the last 12 months. For instance, at the clinical cut-off score of 4, 17% had seen a doctor in the last year at age 42 (2000), increasing to 34% at age 50 (2008), and then falling slightly to 26% at ages 62-65 (2020-24)

However, the relationship between Malaise score and healthcare contacts remained relatively linear across all ages, suggesting that increases in healthcare contacts were not disproportionately observed in those with high or low Malaise scores.

9.1 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score by sweep in NCDS58, overall and restricted to participants who self-reported healthcare contact for mental health.

Age (Year)
33425062-65
(1991)(2000)(2008)(2020-24)
Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)
Overall With healthcare contact Since last sweep In last 12 months1.1 (1.0, 1.1) 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) - 4.2 (3.9, 4.4) 3.9 (3.7, 4.1) 4.2 (3.9, 4.5)

At each age, the mean Malaise score of those with healthcare contacts was higher than the mean score of the cohort overall, indicative of worse mental health, particularly for those with healthcare contacts in the last 12 months.

Mean scores among those with healthcare contacts for medical health remained stable or increased across ages.

For instance, mean Malaise scores for at age 42 (2000) were 2.8 and 4.2 for those with healthcare contacts since the last sweep and in the last 12 months respectively, compared to 3.3 and 4.2 at ages 62-65 (2020-24). There was no significant difference in mean score for the cohort overall between these two ages.

9.2 Self-reported reason for healthcare contact for mental health since last interview by sweep in NCDS58.

Age (Year)
33425062-65
(1991)(2000)(2008)(2020-24)
% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)
Feeling low, depressed, sad Generally anxious, jittery Anxious or scared Repeat actions/thoughts Hearing/seeing things Other* Missing60 (58, 62) 81 (79, 82) 79 (76, 81) 80 (77, 83) 19 (17, 21) 28 (26, 30) 35 (32, 28) 52 (48, 55) 13 (12, 15) 17 (15, 19) 19 (16, 21) 37 (34, 41) 4 (3, 5) 4 (3, 5) 7 (6, 9) 17 (14, 20) 5 (4, 6) 3 (2, 4) 3 (2, 4) 8 (6, 11) 41 (38, 43) 27 (25, 28) 28 (25, 31) 49 (45, 53) 11 (10, 12) - - -

At each age, feeling low, depressed, or sad was the most stated reason for mental healthcare contact, followed by reasons related to anxiety, and other reasons.

The proportion of individuals with mental healthcare contacts who attribute these contacts to specific reasons differs somewhat over time, providing insights into how distress is experienced and informs seeking support across ages.

Results: BCS70 at ages 30 (2000), 42 (2012), 46-48 (2016-18) and 51-54 (2021-24)

Figure 2. Distribution of 9-item Malaise Inventory score and proportion at each score who self-reported healthcare contacts for mental health since the last sweep and in the last 12 months in BCS70.

Note: Dotted line shows clinical cut-off score of 4. Analyses are weighted for sweep non-response.

  • Findings for BCS70 were similar to those for NCDS58.

The proportion of cohort members who reported having healthcare contacts for mental health increased linearly with Malaise score.

Differences in self-reported contacts by age were starkest for contacts in the last 12 months. For instance, among those with a Malaise score at the clinical cut-off of 4, 11% had a healthcare contact in the last 12 months at age 30 (2000), rising to 30% at age 42 (2012) and 41% at age 46-48 (2016-18), before falling slightly to 34% at age 51-54 (2021-24).

9.3 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score by sweep in BCS70, overall and restricted to participants who self-reported healthcare contact for mental health.

Age (Year)
304246-4851-54
(2000)(2012)(2016-18)(2021-24)
Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)
Overall With healthcare contact Since last sweep In last 12 months1.6 (1.5, 1.6) 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) 1.9 (1.9, 2.0) 1.9 (1.8, 1.9) 2.7 (2.7, 2.8) 3.5 (3.3, 3.6) 3.6 (3.5, 3.8) 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) 3.9 (3.8, 4.1) 4.1 (4.0, 4.3) 4.2 (3.9, 4,4)

Mean Malaise scores were significantly higher among those with self-reported healthcare contacts for mental health, particularly among those with contacts in the last 12 months.

As in NCDS58, mean Malaise scores among those with healthcare contacts remained similar or increased slightly between cohort members 40s and 50s.

At age 42 (2012), for example, mean score among those with contacts since the last interview was 3.5, and 3.9 for those with healthcare contacts in the last year. At age 51-54 (2021-24), mean scores were 3.4 and 4.2 respectively. There was little difference in mean Malaise score for the overall cohort between these ages.

9.4 Self-reported reason for healthcare contact for mental health since last interview by sweep in BCS70.

Age (Year)
304246-4851-54
(2000)(2012)(2016-18)(2021-24)
% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)% (95% CI)
Feeling low, depressed, sad Generally anxious, jittery Anxious or scared Repeat actions/thoughts Hearing/seeing things Other* Missing82 (80, 83) 74 (72, 77) 82 (80, 84) 76 (73, 79) 26 (24, 28) 30 (28, 33) 65 (62, 67) 53 (50, 57) 19 (17, 20) 14 (12, 16) 42 (39, 45) 41 (37, 44) 4 (3, 6) 5 (4, 6) 22 (20, 24) 21 (18, 24) 4 (3, 6) 4 (3, 5) 9 (8, 11) 6 (5, 8) 27 (25, 29) 23 (21, 25) 52 (50, 55) 76 (73, 79) 6 (5, 7) <1

As in NCDS58, the most stated reasons for mental healthcare contacts in the last year were depression and anxiety-related, and other reasons.

Like NCDS58, there were changes over time in the proportion of cohort members who attributed mental healthcare contacts to specific reasons, providing insights into how distress is experienced and informs seeking support across ages.

Results: Cohort comparison of NCDS58 at age 50 (2008) and BCS70 at age 51-54 (2021-24)

Figure 3. Distribution of 9-item Malaise score and proportion of cohort members who reported healthcare contacts for mental health within the last 4 years and within the last 12 months in NCDS58 and BCS70.

Note: Dotted line shows clinical cut-off score of 4. Analyses are weighted for sweep non-response.

The similar questions asked in NCDS58 at age 50 (2008) and in BCS70 at ages 51-54 (2021-

  • meant that we could explore changes over time in the same age group roughly 12-15 years

apart.

The proportion of cohort members with healthcare contacts since the previous sweep (approximately 4 years prior in both cohorts) and in the last 12 months at each Malaise score was similar across cohorts.

9.5 Mean 9-item Malaise Inventory score in each cohort overall and restricted to participants who self-reported healthcare contacts for mental health.

NCDS58BCS70
50 (2008)51-54 (2021-24)
Mean (SD)Mean (SD)
Overall With healthcare contact Since last sweep In last 12 months1.6 (1.5, 1.7) 1.9 (1.8, 1.9) 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) 3.9 (3.7, 4.1) 4.2 (3.9, 4,4)

Among the overall cohorts, Malaise score was higher in BCS70 than in NCDS58 at the same age.

Mean scores among those with healthcare contacts for mental health since the previous and in the last 12 months were similar across cohorts.

References 1. Power C, Elliott J. Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(1):34–41.

2. Elliott J, Shepherd P. Cohort Profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):836–843.

3. Sullivan A, Brown M, Hamer M, Ploubidis GB. Cohort Profile Update: The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52(3):e179–e186.

4. Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K. Education, health and behaviour. London: Longmans; 1970.

5. Ploubidis GB, McElroy E, Moreira HC. A longitudinal examination of the measurement equivalence of mental health assessments in two British birth cohorts. Longit Life Course Stud. 2019;10(4):471–489.

6. Mostafa T, Narayanan M, Pongiglione B, et al. Missing at random assumption made more plausible: evidence from the 1958 British birth cohort. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;136:44–54.

7. Katsoulis M, Narayanan M, Dodgeon B, Ploubidis G, Silverwood R. A data driven approach to address missing data in the 1970 British birth cohort [Internet]. medRxiv; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 6]. p. 2024.02.01.24302101. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.24302101v1

8. Silverwood R, Narayanan M, Dodgeon B, Katsoulis M, Ploubidis G. Handling missing data in the CLS cohort studies: User guide. London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies; 2024.

Section 9 Appendix Tables Appendix 9 Table 1. 9-item Malaise Inventory

ItemQuestion
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Do you feel tired most of the time? Do you often feel miserable or depressed? Do you often get worried about things? Do you often get into a violent rage? Do you often suddenly become scared for no reason? Are you easily upset of irritated? Are you constantly keyed up and jittery? Does every little thing get on your nerves? Does your heart often race like mad?
SweepQuestion
33[Since last interview at age 23/March 1981] have you suffered at all from any of the sorts of problems shown on this card? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, overexcited/overconfident, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, drink/drug problems, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen your doctor about any of these problems since March 1981? If respondent responds NO to this question, then soft check: Has the respondent consulted doctor (GP) about these problems?
42[Since last interview at age 33/March 1991] have you seen a specialist, been to a hospital or seen a doctor because of any of the things on this card? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, overexcited/overconfident, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, drink problems, drug problems, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to hospital about this in the last 12 months?
50[Since last interview at age 46/in the last four years] have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to a hospital because of any of the things on this card? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to a hospital about any of these things in the last 12 months?
62-65[Since last interview at age 55/1 Jan 2013], have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital because you were… (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital for mental health in the last 12 months?

Appendix Table 3. Self-reported contacts with the healthcare system in BCS70.

AgeQuestion
30[Since last interview at age 26/4 years ago] have you seen a specialist, been to a hospital or seen a doctor because of any of the things on this card? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, overexcited/overconfident, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, drink problems, drug problems, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour). • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to hospital about this in the last 12 months?
42[Since last interview at age 38/4 years ago], have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to a hospital because of any of the following? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, other worries) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to hospital about any of these things in the last 12 months?
46-48[Since last interview at age 42/4 years ago], have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to a hospital because of any of the following? (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist or been to hospital about any of these things in the last 12 months?
51-54[Since last interview at age 46/1 Jan 2013], have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital because you were… (Feeling low/depressed/sad, generally anxious/jittery, anxious/scared, compelled to repeat actions/thoughts, hearing/seeing things, other problems affecting mood/emotions/behaviour) • If YES: Have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital for mental health in the last 12 months?

If Yes: Have you seen a doctor, specialist, or been to hospital for mental health in the last 12 months?

Appendix 10: Labour Force Survey Data and analysis Analyses of the Office for National Statistics Labour Force Survey were conducted by The Health Foundation. These analyses examined the proportion of 16-24 year olds who are NEET (not in education, employment or training), by long-term health conditions in the UK. Long-term health conditions refer to the main condition that respondents report. 'Mental health conditions' includes people reporting 'depression, bad nerves or anxiety' or 'mental illness or suffer from phobias, panics or other nervous disorders'. Autism was only added to the survey in 2020. CI figures are 95% confidence intervals. The Health Foundation have published further analyses of these data, with a focus on the health of young people who are NEET: Atwell, S, Vriend M, Fich D. (2026) Why are a growing number of young people who are NEET reporting work-limiting health conditions? The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/reports-and- analysis/analysis/why-are-a-growing-number-of-young-people-who-are-neet-reporting-work Results

10.1 Proportion of 16-24 year olds who are NEET (not in education, employment or training), by long-term health conditions in the UK

YearConditionEstimateCI lowerCI upper
2015Mental health condition or autism37.8%_ 35.2%_ 40.4%
2016Mental health condition or autism37.9%35.5%40.3%
2017Mental health condition or autism34.5%32.2%36.8%
2018Mental health condition or autism31.1%28.9%33.3%
2019Mental health condition or autism30.0%28.0%32.1%
2020Mental health condition or autism29.4%27.3%31.5%
2021Mental health condition or autism26.7%24.8%28.7%
2022Mental health condition or autism29.9%27.7%32.1%
2023Mental health condition or autism28.3%25.5%31.1%
2024Mental health condition or autism30.8%28.5%33.1%
2025Mental health condition or autism33.3%31.0%35.5%
2015Mental health condition37.8%35.2%40.4%
2016Mental health condition37.9%35.5%40.3%
2017Mental health condition34.5%32.2%36.8%
2018Mental health condition31.1%28.9%33.3%
2019Mental health condition30.0%28.0%32.1%
2020Mental health condition30.8%28.4%33.3%
2021Mental health condition27.3%25.0%29.6%
2022Mental health condition29.0%26.4%31.6%
2023Mental health condition28.0%24.6%31.5%
2024Mental health condition32.4%29.3%35.4%
2025Mental health condition36.7%33.7%39.6%
2020Autism24.1%19.9%28.3%
2021Autism25.0%21.5%28.5%
2022Autism32.4%28.1%36.8%
2023Autism28.9%24.1%33.6%

2024 Autism 28.1% 24.6% 31.6%

2025Autism28.1%24.8%31.5%
2015Neither mental health condition nor autism11.2%10.8%11.5%
2016Neither mental health condition nor autism10.4%10.1%10.8%
2017Neither mental health condition nor autism9.8%9.4%10.1%
2018Neither mental health condition nor autism9.8%9.5%10.2%
2019Neither mental health condition nor autism9.8%9.4%10.2%
2020Neither mental health condition nor autism9.6%9.1%10.0%
2021Neither mental health condition nor autism8.2%7.8%8.6%
2022Neither mental health condition nor autism8.5%8.0%9.0%
2023Neither mental health condition nor autism9.6%8.9%10.3%
2024Neither mental health condition nor autism10.5%9.9%11.0%
2025Neither mental health condition nor autism9.7%9.2%10.3%

Appendix 11: Projections for conditions in 2030

Praveetha Patalay Background Projections for conditions in 2030 based on most recent prevalence and trends. Conditions covered:

- Emotional disorders/depression/anxiety - Conduct/antisocial - Eating disorders - High psychological distress - Self-harm.

The aim was to estimate the prevalence and number of people aged 0–24 in England expected to have each condition in 2030.

Data and analysis The methodological approach we took involves four main stages.

1. Establishing the latest prevalence

For each condition, the most recent prevalence estimate was identified for the following age bands (or some variation depending on how reported by datasets) where possible:

  • Ages 2–4
  • Ages 5–10
  • Ages 11–16
  • Ages 17–19
  • Ages 20–24

MHCYP 2017 estimates were used primarily for ages 2–19. For ages 20–24, relevant APMS estimates for ages 16–24 were used as approximations. Differences in measures and age coverage were explicitly flagged. Ages 0–1 remained uncovered because they are not included in any of the national prevalence studies.

2. Forecasting prevalence in 2030

Two principal scenarios were calculated:

Stalled scenario 2024: prevalence remains at the 2024 levels (either directly assessed or projected from prior trends until 2024).

  • Continued-trend scenario: the historical annual gradient continues until 2030.

Historical gradients were estimated as absolute annual percentage-point changes. Where three or more comparable observations were available, a linear trend was fitted across the full historical period. Where only two observations were available, the annual change between those observations was used. The historical gradient for a broader age band was applied to the latest age-specific prevalence where separate age-specific trends were unavailable. For example, the MHCYP trend for ages 5–15 was applied to the latest estimates for ages 5–10 and 11–16.

  • Estimating the 2030 population in each age band

ONS 2030 England population projections (made in 2024) were provided in five-year bands. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections /datasets/2014basednationalpopulationprojectionstableofcontents

Age bandYear: 2030
0 - 42800720
5 - 93037537
10 - 143402047
15 - 193635283
20 - 243776344

20 - 24 3776344 These did not correspond exactly to the prevalence age bands available. The population was therefore proportionally allocated on the assumption of an even population distribution across individual ages within each five-year group. The resulting analysis populations were approximately:

Age bandYear: 2030
0 - 11,120,288
2 -41,680,432
5-103,717,946
11 - 164,175,751
17 - 192,181,170
20 - 243,776,344

20 - 24 3,776,344

4. Calculating cases and overall prevalence

For every age band and scenario, estimated cases were calculated as: Cases= (2030 prevalence x 2030 population)/100 Cases were then summed across covered age bands. The overall prevalence rate among covered ages was calculated as: cases/covered population. This is different from the full 0–24 prevalence estimate requested because no prevalence is assigned to uncovered age groups (e.g. 0-1 years for all conditions). How to deal with inconsistent measures Measures that were not conceptually equivalent were kept separate during estimation. For example, positive Scoff screening was not combined with diagnosed eating-disorder prevalence, and Apms CIS-R common mental disorder was explicitly distinguished from MHCYP emotional disorder. APMS Antisocial measure for older ages was differentiated from the MHCYP conduct used for CYP. Some issues to consider Main issue is with the latest prevalence for diagnosable conditions for children being fairly old (2017) and hence a likely underestimate that does not reflect recent increases, especially in emotional conditions. Therefore, emotional conditions are likely to be underestimated in these projections. APMS Antisocial % was especially low in 2024 making the downward trend to zero by 2030, these estimates should be treated with caution in the 18-24 age group. Self-harm is tricky as different data sources measure different time frames (lifetime, last 12 months, last 4 weeks etc). Used lifetime self- harm for projections as it was the only one that was consistent across datasets.

Results The forecasts compare two scenarios: a stalled scenario, in which prevalence is projected to 2024 where necessary and then held constant to 2030, and a continued-trend scenario, in which the recent historical trend continues to 2030. Estimated numbers are calculated by applying the population- weighted prevalence to the projected 2030 population covered by the available data (either 2-24 years or 5-24 years depending on the condition). 11.1 Prevalence and estimated cases based on population projections for the year 2030

Continued trendContinued trend
ConditionStalled prevalenceStalled cases
prevalencecases
Emotional disorders12.2%1,897,36513.0%2,019,911
High psychological distress29.0%4,010,38532.3%4,468,150
Ever self-harm14.2%1,965,03817.9%2,484,734
Conduct disorder3.6%559,8533.3%516,338
Eating disorders1.0%160,5731.1%166,143

Eating disorders 1.0% 160,573 1.1% 166,143 Emotional disorders. Trend estimates draw on MHCYP prevalence among children aged 5–15 of 4.3% in 1999, 3.9% in 2004 and 5.8% in 2017, together with age-specific 2017 estimates ranging from 1.0% among ages 2–4 to 14.9% among ages 17–19. APMS estimates of common mental disorder were used as a proxy for ages 20–24. For the covered population aged 2–24, prevalence is estimated at 12.2%, or approximately 1.90 million people, under the stalled scenario. Under continued trends, this rises to 13.0%, or approximately 2.02 million people in 2030. High psychological distress. These forecasts use the most recent source with the closest available age coverage: MHCYP combined SDQ data for ages 5–10, UKHLS SDQ data for ages 11–16, and Ukhls GHQ-12 data for ages 17–24. The supporting evidence includes the rise in UKHLS prevalence among ages 10–15 from 20.9% in 2009 to 35.6% in 2023 and among ages 16–24 from 19.3% in 1996 to 31.2% in 2024. For the covered population aged 5–24, the stalled scenario produces an estimated prevalence of 29.0%, equivalent to approximately 4.01 million people. Continuation of the historical trends increases this to 32.3%, or approximately 4.47 million people. These estimates combine different screening measures and age-band proxies and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Ever self-harm. The forecasts incorporate MHCYP estimates of 3.9% among ages 7–10 and 11.1% among ages 11–16 in 2022, together with the increase among ages 11–16 from 5.5% in 2017. For older ages, the estimate uses APMS data showing that lifetime self-harm among ages 16–24 increased from 5.3% in 2000 to 21.2% in 2024; the MHCYP estimate of 32.8% among ages 17–24 is retained as a sensitivity measure. Across the covered population aged 5–24, the stalled scenario gives a prevalence of 14.2%, or approximately 1.97 million people. Continuing the observed trends raises this to 17.9%, or approximately 2.48 million people by 2030. Ages 0–4 remain unestimated, while estimates for ages 5– 6 are based on the MHCYP 7–10 age group. Conduct disorder. Estimates were based on MHCYP data, including prevalence among children aged 5–15 of 4.7% in 1999, 5.1% in 2004 and 5.0% in 2017, alongside 2017 age-specific estimates and APMS antisocial-screening estimates for ages 16–24 in 2014 and 2024. For the covered population aged 2–24, the stalled scenario produces an estimated prevalence of 3.6%, equivalent to approximately 559,900 people, compared with 3.3%, or approximately 516,300 people, under continued trends. The lower continued-trend estimate reflects the marked decline in the APMS antisocial-screening measure, although this measure is not directly equivalent to a diagnosis of conduct disorder which is the measure used for children. Eating disorders. The forecasts use 2017 MHCYP estimates for feeding disorder among children aged 2–4 and eating disorders among those aged 5–19, historical MHCYP trends for children aged 5–15, and the 2024 APMS diagnostic prevalence estimate of 2.5% among people aged 16–24. The estimate for ages 20–24 relies on the broader APMS 16–24 age band. Across the covered population aged 2– 24, the stalled scenario gives an estimated prevalence of 1.0%, corresponding to approximately 160,600 people. Continuing the observed historical trends increases this slightly to 1.1%, or approximately 166,100 people.